MOTIVATION
•
Motivation refers to states within a person
that drives behaviour towards some goal.
(i) a state that drives behaviour
(ii) arousal of behaviour by this physiological state
(iii) direction of the behaviour towards a specific
or selective goal
• Drive : It is a physiological state, that
leads one to activity.
It is purely an energy which is mobilized
and made available for activity.
It is a consequence of unsatisfied need.
• Goal :it is a reward, an incentive towards
which behaviour is directed.
Types of needs:
• Primary Needs: Food, Water, Sleep
• Secondary Needs: Need for Power,
Achievement, Status, Affiliation
Basic motivation process:
Unsatisfied Need
Tension
Mobilization of Behaviour
Drive Reduction
Drive
Satisfied Need
Characteristics of Motivation:
• Goal directed Behaviour
• Can’t be directly observed
• High energy concentration
• Vary in different individuals and within
individual
Motivation and Performance:
• Factors Affecting Performance :
* Individual
* Situational
Motivation of the individual, sense of
competence, ability, role perception,
organizational resources, etc.
Theories of Motivation:
• Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
• Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
• Mc Clelland’s Theory of Need
• Goal Setting Theory
• Reinforcement Theory
• Equity Theory
• Expectancy Theory
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
-self actualization
-esteem
-social
-safety
-physiological
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory:
• The factors leading to job satisfaction and
job dissatisfaction are different.
• Hygiene factors affect job satisfaction and
motivation factors affect job
dissatisfaction.
Mc Clelland’s theory of needs:
• The need for achievement (nAch)
• The need for power (nPow)
• The need for affiliation (nAff)
Goal Setting Theory
• Specific goals lead to increased
performance ;difficult goals if accepted,
will result in high performance than easy
goals.
• Reinforcement Theory:
Behaviour is dependent on reinforcers.
Equity Theory
• Employees compare their own job inputs
outputs with those of others and that
employees can influence the degree of
effort that employee exert.
Expectancy theory
• The strength of a tendency to work in a certain
way depends on the strength of an expectation
that the act will be followed by a given outcome
and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the
individual.
• The three important variables are:
1.Effort –performance linkage
2.Performance -reward linkage
3.Reward –personal goal linkage
Management By Objectives (MBO)
MBO emphasizes on converting overall
organizational goal into specific objectives for
organizational units and individual members.
Common to all MBO programmes, there are four
elements:
1. Goal specificity
2. Participative decision making
3. An explicit time period
4. Performance feedback.
MBO in practice…
• Any organization ,while adopting MBO
should be careful about certain factors
like, unrealistic expectations regarding
results, lack of commitment by top
management and unwillingness to allocate
rewards based on goal accomplishment.