Stankiewicz
Essential Questions

 What are the roots of American law enforcement?
 What are some of the principles of law enforcement?
 How does American law enforcement get its
authority?
 What are some of the generalizations involving
American law enforcement?
 What are the various law enforcement models?
 Assignment – Law enforcement organizations
The Limited Authority of American Law
Enforcement - 1

US has almost 18,000 law enforcement
agencies
Federal State and Local levels of
government
Vast majority are
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________
The Limited Authority of American Law
Enforcement - 2

 The authority of each agency is carefully limited by
law
 Territory within which an agency may operate is
limited as well
 Jurisdiction:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Limited Authority of American Law
Enforcement - 3

 Each federal law enforcement agency has a specific
jurisdiction
 _______________________________________________
 Procedural law derived from US Supreme Court
decisions also impose limitations on the authority of
agencies
 Miranda, etc
The Limited Authority of American Law
Enforcement - 4

 ___________________
 Took hundred of years
to develop
English Roots – Tithing System

 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 10 families (a tithing) agreed to follow the law, keep
the peace, and bring violators to justice (Posse)
English Roots – The Constable –
Watch System

 A system in early England in which citizens under
the direction of a constable were required to guard
the city and pursue criminals
 Constable:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
English Roots – Bow Street Runners

 1748
 Professional law
enforcement agents
 Apprehend criminals
and recover stolen
property
 ______________________
______________________
______________________
 Paved the way for future
detectives
English Roots – The London
Metropolitan Police
 1829 London Metropolitan
Police Act





1000 member police force
Professional standards
_______________________
Under command of two
magistrates –
Commissioners
 Became known as
_________________________
_________________________
after Robert Peel, Home
Secretary
Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing

 Police must be stable, efficient
and organized under military
lines
 Police must be under govt
control
 Absence of crime best proof of
police efficiency
 Distribution of crime news
essential
 Deployment of police strength
both by time and area is
essential
 Police should have command
of temper and act quiet
determined manner
 Good appearance
commands respect
 Train proper type of person
 Every police member is
given a number
 Police hqs centrally located
and easily accessible
 Policemen should have a
probationary period
 Police records are used to
distribute police strength
Development of American Law
Enforcement - 1

 US Has more police departments than any other
country
 History of local control
 Disparity between police throughout US
 Started with “watches”
 Often politically controlled in the early days
Development of American Law
Enforcement - 2

 Law enforcement in states and frontier
 Southern Slave patrols
 _______________________________________________
Development of American Law
Enforcement - 3

 Frontier Law
Enforcement
 Sheriffs
 ____________________
 Idea of self protection
still popular in South
and West
Development of American Law
Enforcement - 4

 State Police
 ___________________
Development of American Law
Enforcement - 5

 Professionalism and Reform
 ______________________________________________
 Wasn’t until 1880 that Cincinnati posted two
qualifications to be a police officer
 ________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
 Both Cincinnati and NYC had Police academies in
1880s – little requirements/standards
Development of American Law
Enforcement – August Vollmer’s Ideas

Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model)
1909-1932
Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model)

 Narrow the police
function from social
service/maintenance of
order to enforcement
 _______________________
of authority
 Creation of specialized,
centrally base crime
fighting units
 Shift from neighborhood
foot patrol to motorized
patrol
 Patrol allocation system
based on crime rates etc.
 Reliance on technology
 ___________________
screening and civil service
testing for new recruits
 Specific
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
The Structure of American Law Enforcement - 1

 _______________________________________________
 Federal agencies - .4%
 Sheriff’s Departments – 18%
 State Police - .3%
 Special police – 8%
 Stats - 2006
American Law Enforcement Generalizations

 Quality of police services vary greatly among states
and localities across the nation
 _______________________________________________
for police personnel, equipment, and practices
 Expenditures for police services vary greatly among
communities
 Obtaining police services from the appropriate
agency is often
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Local Police Duties

 ______________________________________________
 Order maintenance or peacekeeping
 ______________________________________________
 Information gathering
Local Police Duties (PEPPAS)

P – ____________________________________________
E – ____________________________________________
P – _____________________________________________
P – Preserve the peace
A – _____________________________________________
S – _____________________________________________
The Structure of American Law Enforcement
County Law enforcement

 Sheriff and Department Personnel
 Functions
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Enforce criminal and traffic laws of the state
 ________________________________________________
 Provide courtroom security
 Confine and transport prisoners
 Most _________________________________________
State Law Enforcement

 Each state has chosen one of two models for
providing law enforcement
 _________________________________________
 _________________________________________
State Police Model

 Model in which state police officers have the
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
but can exercise these powers anywhere within the
state
Highway Patrol Model

 Model in which state
_____________________
_____________________
____________________,
enforcement of states
traffic laws, and the
investigation of
accidents on the state’s
roads, highways, and
property
Federal Law Enforcement - 1

 Everyone aware of the more familiar federal law
enforcement agencies
 FBI, DEA, CIA, Treasury
 But there are many more lesser known that have a
vital job in law enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement - 2

 Three major differences between Feds and
State/Local law enforcement
1)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2) Feds do not have peacekeeping or order
maintenance duties
3) _________________________________________
(Example: AFOSI has to have a tie with USAF
interests for it to have jurisdiction)
Federal Law Enforcement - 3

 Example: Department
of Homeland Security
 ____________________
____________________
____________________
 Reduce US
vulnerability to
terrorist attacks
 ____________________
____________________
Assignment
Exploring an American Law Enforcement Agency
Some Investigative Agencies

 FBI
 CIA
 DEA
 US Marshall’s Service
 US Secret Service
 Army CID
 Naval Investigative
Service
 AFOSI
 Treasury Department
Investigative Services
 EPA Investigative
Services
 TSA
 US Coast Guard
Investigations
 US Customs
 US Border Patrol
American Private Security

 _____________________
_____________________
 Training and
compensation varies
 Two types
 ____________________
 Proprietary Security
 In house –
Companies do own
internal security
Summary
