Cell Structures, Functions and
Transport
Types of Cells


Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells



Simplest cells
No membranes around their nuclear
material (DNA and RNA, genetic
material)
Prokaryotes include bacteria and some
pond scum
Eukaryotic cells



Eukaryotic cells have membranes
around their nuclear material
Membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes include protists, fungi,
plants, and animals (almost all
organisms)
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Go to
Section:
Animal Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Animal Cell
Cell Membrane
Go to
Section:
Cell membrane
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Cell Membrane
1.



Nickname: “The Gatekeeper”
Function: forms outer boundary of the cell
allows only certain materials to
move into and out of the cell
Parts: made up of a double layer of fats
with some proteins scattered
throughout
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Animal Cell
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Go to
Section:
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Cytoplasm
2.



Gel-like material inside the cell membrane
and outside the nucleus
Function: contains water, chemicals, and
the various cell organelles
Cytoplasm constantly moves or streams
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Go to
Section:
Cell Membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Nucleus
3.



Nickname: “The Control Center”
Function: holds the DNA
Parts:
1.
2.
Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the
nucleus that helps make ribosomes
Nuclear envelope/membrane: surrounds
nucleus in eukaryotic cells, has pores to let
material in and out of the nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Nucleus
3.

Parts:
3.
Chromatin: Strands of genetic material found
in the nucleus, made of protein and DNA
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Mitochondria
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Mitochondria
8.


Nickname: “The Powerhouse”
Function: Energy formation

Breaks down food to make ATP

ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that
require energy
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Go to
Section:
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Ribosomes
4.


Function: makes proteins
Found in all cells, prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Go to
Section:
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
5.


Nickname: “Roads”
Function: The internal delivery system of
the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum

2 Types:
1. Rough ER:


2.
Rough appearance because it has
ribosomes on its surface
Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it
has ribosomes
Smooth ER:


NO ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Nuclear membrane
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Go to
Section:
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Golgi Complex (Golgi Body)
6.




Nickname: The shippers
Function: packages, modifies, and
transports materials to different location
inside/outside of the cell
Appearance: stack of pancakes
Structure: stack of membrane-covered
sacs
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear Membrane
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Body
Go to
Section:
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cell membrane
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than
ribosomes
7.


Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
Function: to break down food into
particles the rest of the cell can use and
to destroy old cells
Cell membrane
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi Body
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Vacuoles
9.


Function: Help store things
Vacuoles in animal cells are usually small
sacs
Animal Cell
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear Membrane
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Lysosome
Centriole (only 1 is shown)
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Centrioles
10.



Function: Help with cell division
Only found in animal cells
Look like two small bundles of spaghetti
arranged perpendicular
to each other

Now let’s talk about structures only
found in PLANT Cells!!
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Plant Cell
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
Go to
Section:
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Vacuoles
11.

Function: stores water

This is what makes lettuce crisp


When there is no water, the plant wilts
Animal cells have vacuoles to provide
temporary storage

Vacuoles in animal cells are smaller than
plant vacuoles
Vacuole
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Cell
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Go to
Section:
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Chloroplasts
12.


Function: traps energy from the sun to
produce food for the plant cell
Green in color because of chlorophyll,
which is a green pigment
Chloroplasts
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Cell
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Go to
Section:
Cell wall
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Cell Wall
13.


Function: provides support and
protection to the cell membrane
Found outside the cell membrane in plant
cells
Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Rough ER
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Vacuole
Nucleus
Rough ER
Nucleolus
Smooth ER
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Plant
Animal
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Plant
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large vacuole
Animal
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Small vacuole
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Cell Transport
It’s a question of
control.
Who’s in control?
Cells get nutrients, etc. from
environment
 Release waste into same
environment

Moving along…or not!

Selective permeability: property of
a cell membrane which allows
some materials to pass through
while keeping others out.
Diffusion
Molecules move constantly
 Move from crowded conditions
to less crowded conditions
 Particles diffuse in liquids and in
gases

Diffusion cont’d
Equilibrium: molecules of a
substance are spread evenly
throughout a space
 Molecules continue to move
during equilibrium

Osmosis—Diffusion of H2O
The diffusion of water through a
cell membrane
 Most cells surrounded by water
molecules and contain water
molecules

Osmosis Cont’d
What happened to egg cells in
lab?
 If cells aren’t surrounded by
pretty pure water, they’ll lose
the water.
 No water molecules in corn
syrup around eggs—so ….

Water tended to move out of the
cells and dilute the corn syrup
 Cells became shriveled and yolks
became firm

Place eggs in pure water and the
process is reversed
 The eggs swell up and the yolks
slosh around inside

Moving on…
Particle movement across cell
membrane by diffusion is called
passive transport because…
 Cell doesn’t use energy to move
the materials


Active transport: energy
required to move large molecules
through cell membrane
 Need help of transport proteins

Active transport is required to
move substances from where
there are small amounts to where
there are large amounts
Cell membrane
Cell membrane is composed of a
double layer (bilayer) of
phospholipids with protein
molecules scattered throughout
 Phospholipids make a bilayer with
polar heads facing out and
hydrophobic tails facing in

Cell membrane model
Lipids