AL ORUBA INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOLS
GIRLS’ SECTION
GRAMMAR G 8
CH:12 PARTS OF
SPEECH
Grammar
Grade :8
PARTS OF SPEECH
It is important to understand
that every word in a sentence
has a job to do, a role in the
sentence.
PARTS OF SPEECH
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Articles
Verbs
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjection
T H E N OUN : A N OUN I S A WORD OR WORD G ROUP T H AT
I S USE D TO N A ME A P E RSON ,A P LAC E ,A T H I N G , OR A N
I DE A .
Types of nouns
Common
Proper
Concrete
Abstract
Compound
Collective
COMMON &PROPER NOUN
 A proper noun names a particular person,place,thing ,or an
idea and is capitalized.
 A common noun names anyone of a group of
persons,places,things,or ideas and is generally not capitalized
EXAMPLES
Common nouns
Proper nouns
scientist
women
city
building
continent
day
Charles Drew
Cleopatra
Cairo
Eiffel Tower
Africa
Monday
CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT NOUNS
 A concrete noun names a person ,place ,or thing that
can be perceived by one or more of the senses(sight,
hearing, taste, touch, and smell).
 An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality,
or a characteristic.
Concrete Nouns
•Cloud, thunder, silk, yogurt.
Abstract Nouns
•Freedom, beauty, kindness.
COMPOUND NOUNS
 A compound noun consists of two or more words
used together as a single noun. The parts of a
compound noun may be written as one word ,as
separate words, or as a hyphenated word.
One word compound noun
firefighter, Iceland, newspaper.
Separate words compound nouns
Prime minister, Red River Dam, fire
drill.
Hyphenated word compound nouns
Sister-in-law, pull-up.
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
 A collective noun is a word that names a group.
People
audience, chorus, committee, crew
Animals
brood,flock,gaggle,herd
Things
Assortment,batch,bundle,cluster
THE PRONOUNS
 A pronoun is a word that is used in a place of one or
more nouns or pronouns.
 The word that a pronoun stands for or refers to is
called the antecedent of the pronoun .
 For example: The tour guide showed the students
where they could see Mayan pottery.
 Personal pronoun refers to the one speaking( 1 st .person),the
one spoken to (2 nd person),or the one spoken about(3 rd
person).
PRONOUNS TABLE
person
Subject
pronouns
Object
pronouns
Possessive
Adjectives
Possessive
pronouns
Reflexive
pronouns/intensiv
e pronouns
I
Me
Mine
My
Myself
We
Us
Ours
Our
Ourselves
You
You
Yours
Your
Yourself/yourselve
s
He
Him
His
His
Himself
She
Her
Hers
Her
Herself
It
It
Its
Its
Itself
They
Them
Theirs
Their
Themselves
1st.
person
2ND
person
3rd
person
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out
a specific person, place,thing,or idea.
This
That
These
Those
Examples :The tacos I made taste better than
those.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
 An interrogative pronoun introduces a
question.
who
whom
which
what
 Example: Which of the songs is your favorite?
whose
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause.
 Example :The ship that you saw is sailing to Greece.
That
Which
Who
Whom
Whose
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
 An indefinite pronoun refers to one or more persons ,places,
ideas, or things that may or may not be specifically named.
 Examples :Angelo has everything he will need to go rock
climbing .
all
each
most
one
another
either
much
other
any
everyone
neither
several
anybody
everything
nobody
some
anyone
few
none
somebody
anything
many
No one
something
both
more
nothing
such
THE ADJECTIVE
 An adjective is a word that is used to modify a noun or
pronoun.
 To modify a word means to describe the word or to make its
meaning more definite .an adjective modifies a noun or a
pronoun by telling What kind, Which one, or How many.
What kind?
Gray skies
Far-fetched tale
Irish lace
Lowest price
Which one?
Either way
Next day
Those girls
Last chance
How many?
Five fingers
One river
Fewer hours
Some problems
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
 This ,that ,these, and those can be used both as
adjectives and as pronouns. When they modify nouns
or pronouns they are called demonstrative
adjectives. When they take the place of nouns or
pronouns ,they are called demonstrative pronouns.
Demonstrative
Adjectives
Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one?
Lets take these sandwiches and those apples on our
picnic.
Demonstrative
pronouns
This is mine and that is his.
These are much more expensive than those are.
PRONOUN OR ADJECTIVE?
 Some words may be used as either pronouns or adjectives.
When used as pronouns, these words take the place of nouns
or other pronous.when used as adjectives, they modify nouns
or pronouns.
Pronoun
Adjective
I like that
Either will do
Which is yours?
Whose is it?
I like that shirt
Either car will do
Which one is yours?
Whose hat is it?
NOUN OR ADJECTIVE?
 Many words that can stand alone as nouns can also be used
as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns.
 Sometimes a proper adjective and a noun are used together
so frequently that they become a compound noun :Brazil nut,
French bread, Christmas tree, Swiss cheese.
 Adjectives formed from proper nouns are called proper
adjectives.
Common nouns
Adjectives
Proper
nouns
Proper adjectives
Cheese
Snow
Winter
Weather
Steel
Cheese sandwich
Snow sculpture
Winter sale
Weather report
Steel girder
Choctaw
Texas
Picasso
Dublin
Roosevelt
Choctaw tradition
Texas coast
Picasso painting
Dublin streets
Roosevelt administration
ARTICLES
 The most frequently used adjectives are a, an ,and
the. These words are called articles.
 A and an are called indefinite articles because they
refer to ant member of a general group.
 Examples: An elephant escaped-This is an honor.
 THE is called the definite article because it refers to
someone or something in particular.
 Examples: The girl won ./The honor goes to her.
THE VERB
 A verb is a word that is used to express action or a state
of being.
Transitive and intransitive verbs:
1. A transitive verb is a verb that express an action
directed toward a person ,place, or thing. Words that
receive the action of a transitive verb are called
objects.
2. Example: Juanita mailed the package.
3. An intransitive verb expresses action (or tells
something about the subject) without the action
passing to a receiver, or object.
4. Example: After their long walk, the children ate
quickly.
ACTION VERBS
 An action verb expresses either physical or mental
action. Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
Physical action
Mental
action
write
sit
arise
describe
receive
go
remember
think
consider
understand
believe
know
LINKING VERBS
 A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word
group that identifies or describes the subject. The
most commonly used linking verbs are forms of the
verb be.
Be
Being
Am
Is
Are
Was
Were
Shall be
Will be
Has been
Have ben
Had been
Shall have been
Will have been
Should be
Would be
Can be
Could be
Should have been
Would have been
Could have been
LINKING VERBS
 Here are some other frequently used linking verbs.
Appear
Become
Feel
Grow
Look
Remain
Seem
Smell
Sound
Stay
Taste
Turn
 Note :because they do not have objects(words that
tell who or what receives the action of the
verb),linking verbs are considered intransitive.
VERB PHRASES
 A verb phrase consists of at least one main verb and one or
more helping verbs. A helping verb(also called an auxiliary
verb)helps the main verb express action or a state of being
 Besides all forms of the verb be ,the following verbs can be
used as helping verbs.
Can
Could
Did
do
does
had
has
have
may
might
must
shall
should
will
would
VERB PHRASES
 Notice how helping verbs work together with main
verbs to form complete verb phrases.
 Example: is leaving - may become - might have
remained
 Sometimes the parts of a verb phrase are interrupted
by other parts of speech.
 Example : She had always been thinking of her
future.
 Note: the word not is an adverb .it is never part of a
verb phrase even when it is joined to a verb as the
contraction –n’t.
THE ADVERB
An adverb modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb it
makes their meaning more definite.
An adverb tells where, when,how,or
to what extent (how long or how
much).
THE ADVERB
1. Adverbs Modifying Verbs :in the following
examples, each boldface adverb modifies a verb.
Where?
When?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
We lived there.
Please step up.
I have the ticket here.
Put that down.
May we go tomorrow?
Water the plant weekly.
We’ll see you later.
He arrived early.
How?
To what Extent?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
She quickly agreed.
The rain fell softly.
Drive carefully.
He sang beautifully.
Fill the tank completely.
He hardly moved.
Did she hesitate slightly?
They partly completed the form.
THE ADVERB
2.Adverbs modifying Adjectives
Examples:
1. Beth did an exceptionally fine job.(the adverb exceptionally
modifies the adjective fine ,telling to what extent).
2. Slightly cooler temperatures are forecast.(the adverb
slightly modifies the adjective cooler ,telling to what
extent).
3. Mr.lomazzi is an especially talented chef.(the adverb
especially modifies the adjective talented telling to what
extent).
THE ADVERB
3. Adverbs modifying other adverbs
Examples:
1. Calvin was almost never there .{the adverb almost modifies
the adverb never, telling to what extent}
2. We’ll meet shortly afterward.{the adverb shortly modifies
the adverb afterward telling to what extent}
3. She slept too late.{the adverb too modifies the adverb late,
telling to what extent}
THE ADVERB
4-Noun or adverb?
Some words that can be used as nouns can also be used as
adverbs.
Example:
1. Tomorrow never seems to arrive[noun]
2. We will leave tomorrow.[tomorrow is used as an adverb
telling when]
3. Think of this place as your home.[noun]
4. He was eager to come home.[home is used as an adverb
telling where]
Note: when identifying parts of speech,remember:A word used
to modify a verb ,an adjective, or another adverb is called an
adverb.
THE PREPOSITION
 A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun
to another word
 By changing the preposition in the following examples .you can change the
relationship of Saint Bernar d to bed and Ever yth ing to beach.
1. The Saint Bernard slept near to
my bed.
2. The Saint Bernard slept under
my bed.
3. The Saint Bernard slept on my
bed.
4. The Saint Bernard slept beside
the bed.
1- Everything about the beach was
wonderful.
2- Everything except the beach was
wonderful.
3.Everything from the beach was
wonderful.
4.Everything on the beach was
wonderful.
 The noun or pronoun that a preposition relates another word to is
called the object of the preposition .In the examples above bed and
beach are the objects of the prepositions.
THE PREPOSITION
Commonly Used Prepositions
ABOARD
ABOUT
ABOVE
ACROSS
AFTER
AGAINST
ALONG
AMID
AMONG
AROUND
AS
AT
BEFORE
BEHIND
BELOW
BENEATH
BESIDE
BESIDES
BETWEEN
BEYOND
BUT(MEANING
EXCEPT)
BY
CONCAERNING
DOWN
DURING
EXCEPT
FOR
FROM
IN
ISIDE
INTO
LIKE
NEAR
OF
OFF
ON
ONTO
OUT
OUTSIDE
OVER
PAST
SINCE
THROUGH
THROUGHOUT
TILL
TO
TOWARD
UNDER
UNDERNEATH
UNTIL
UP
UPON
WITH
WITHIN
WITHOUT
THE PREPOSITION
 Prepositions that consist of two or more words are called
compound prepositions .
Compound Prepositions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
According to
As of
Aside from
Because of
By means of
In addition to
In front of
8.in place of
9.inspite of
10. next to
11.on account of
12.out of
13.prior to
THE CONJUNCTION
 A conjunction is a word that joins words or word groups.
 A coordinating conjunction joins words or word groups, that
are used in the same way.
Coordinating Conjunctions
And
For
But
Yet
Or
So
Nor
 Examples:
1-Streets and sidewalks .{two nouns}
2-on land or at the sea. {two prepositional phrases }
3-Judy wrote down the number but she lost it.{ two independent
clauses}.
THE CONJUNCTION
 Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that join
words or word groups that are used in the same way.
Correlative Conjunction
Both……and
Either……or
Whether…….or
not only…………but also
neither………………..nor
 Examples:
1. Both Jim Thorpe and Roberto Clemente were outstanding
athletes.[two proper nouns]
2. We should decide whether to stay or to go.[two infinitives]
THE INTERJECTION
 An interjection is a word that expresses emotion. An interjection
has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence so it is set
of f from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation point or by a
comma or commas.
Ah
Aha
Boy-oh-boy
Hey
hurrah
oh
oops
ouch
uh-oh
well
whew
whoa
 Example:
1. Hey! Be careful of that wire!
2. Our team won the playoff! Yippee!
wow
yahoo
yikes
yippee
PARTS OF SPEECH POEM
A noun’s the name of anything,
As house or garden, hoop, or swing.
Instead of nouns the pronouns standHer head, your face, his arm, my hand.
Adjectives tell the kind of noun,
As great, small, pretty, white, or brown.
Verbs tell of something to be doneTo read, count, sing, talk, laugh, or run.
How things are done the adverbs tell,
As slowly, quickly, ill, or well.
POEM CONTINUED
 Conjunctions join the words together, As men and
women, wind or weather.
 The preposition stands before
 A noun, as in or through a door.
 The interjection shows surprise,
 As Oh! How Pretty; Ah! How wise.
 That’s why we learn the parts of speech
 Which reading, writing, speaking teach.
 ‘Cause grammar needs to be correct
 To help you earn the world’s respect.