• National Strategy for Homeland Security July 2002
• National Security Strategy of the US , September 2002
• National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass
Destruction December 2002
• National Strategy for Combating Terrorism February
2003
• National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical
Infrastructure and Key Assets February 2003
• “National Security Strategy of the US,” March 2006
• Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence
Estimate “Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States,” April 2006
• “National Strategy for Combating Terrorism,”
September 2006
• US National Security Strategy , May 2010
• National Strategy for Counterterrorism , June 2011

US: National Strategy for Combating
Terrorism February 2003
4D Strategy
1. Defeat
2. Deny
3. Diminish
4. Defend

4Ps
1. Pursue
2. Prevent
3. Protect
4. Prepare

1. Organization
2. Intelligence
3. Diplomacy
4. Economic and Financial Measures
5. Law Enforcement
6. Operations
7. Use of Force
8. Negotiations
9. War of Ideas

CIA
FBI

• US Commission on National Security in the 21 st Century (USCNS) Hart-Rudman
Commission (see Phase 1 Report, p. 7)
• Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic
Response Capabilities for Terrorism
Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction
(Gilmore Commission)

• PDD-39
• PDD-62
• PDD-63
For more, see PDD-63 addendums here

Executive Office of the President
• Office of Homeland Security (OHS;
2001-2009)
• Homeland Security Council (HSC)

Homeland Security Council System (2001-2009)
Homeland Security Council (HSC)
Statutory Members: President, Vice President, Secretaries of Homeland
Security, Defense, and Attorney General.
Bush Admin. Roster also included: Secretaries of Treasury, Health and
Human Services, Transportation, White House Chief of Staff, Directors of
Office of Management and Budget, Central Intelligence, FBI, FEMA,
Chief of Staff to the VP. Chaired by Homeland Security Adviser.
National Security Adviser may attend all meetings.
Bush Invitees depending on the issue: Secretaries of State, Interior,
Agriculture, Commerce, Labor,
Energy, Veterans Affairs, EPA Administrator, Deputy National
Security Adviser for Combating Terrorism, Counsel to the President
HSC Principals Committee (HSC/PC)
All Members and Invitees of HSC meeting without the President and Vice President. Chaired by Homeland Security Adviser.
Office of Homeland
Security (OHS).
Managed by Homeland
Security Adviser;
Professional Staff of 100.
Directorates for: Protection and Prevention; Research and Development;
Response and Recovery;
Communications;
Intelligence and Detection;
Policy and Plans .
HSC Deputies Committees (HSC/DC)
Deputies to HSC/PC Members/Invitees. Chaired by Deputy
Homeland Security Adviser
Domestic Threat
Response and
Incident
Management PCC
Medical and
Public Health
Preparedness
PCC
Public
Affairs
PCC
Key Asset,
Border, Territorial
Waters, and
Airspace Security
PCC
WMD
PCC
Economic
Consequences
PCC
Detection,
Surveillance,
Intelligence PCC
Plans, Training,
Evaluation,
Exercises PCC
Research and
Development
PCC
Domestic
Transportation
Security PCC
Law Enforcement,
And Investigations
PCC
Policy Coordinating Committees (PCCs). These are interagency committees composed of Under and Assistant Secretary level officials from member and invitee departments/ agencies of HSC, chaired by Senior Directors of Office of Homeland Security Directorates

Homeland Security Council System (2009)
Homeland Security Council (HSC)
Statutory Members: President, Vice President, Secretaries of
Homeland Security, Defense, and Attorney General.
Others Invited depending on the issue : Secretaries of Treasury, Health and
Human Services, Transportation, the Director of the FBI, Director of National
Intelligence, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism (APHS/CT), the Chief of Staff, Chief of Staff to the Vice President, Assistant to the
President for National Security Affairs, and the Counsel to the President.
NSC
HSC Principals Committee (HSC/PC)
All Members and Invitees of HSC meeting without the President and Vice President. Chaired by Homeland Security Adviser.
HSC Deputies Committees (HSC/DC)
Deputies to HSC/PC Members/Invitees. Chaired by Deputy
Homeland Security Adviser
National
Security
Staff
(Formerly
NSC Staff)
HSC Interdepartmental
Working Groups
Interdepartmental Working Groups are interagency committees composed of Under and Assistant Secretary level officials from member and invitee departments/ agencies of HSC

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
– DHS Organizational Chart
– Organizational charts for DHS Bureaus

•
– Who are the threats?
•

• From US State Dept. Office of the
Coordinator for Counterterrorism
• Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)
– The current list
• State Sponsors of Terrorism
• Country Reports on Terrorism
• Terrorist Exclusion List
• Exec. Order 13224

• HSPD-6
• FBI Counterterrorism Division of
National Security Branch
• Terrorist Screening Center
– Terrorist Screening Data Base
• Selectee List
• No Fly List

• FBI National Security Branch (NSB)
– Organization
• Counterterrorism Division
• Counterintelligence Division
• Directorate of Intelligence
• WMD Directorate
• Terrorist Screening Center

CIA
• Lack of Coordination
• Priorities?
FBI

• Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act 2004
• Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)
• National Counterterrorism Center
(NCTC)

• Linking federal, state, and local efforts
• Fusion Centers and Intel Sharing
• DHS/DOJ Fusion Center Guidelines

US Executive Branch
•
Department of State :
–
Office of the Coordinator for CT
• Dept. of Justice
– National Security Division
– FBI
•
National Security Branch
•
Counterterrorism division
•
Department of Treasury: Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence
– Office of Foreign Asset Control
• Department. of Defense
–
Undersecretary of Defense for Policy
–
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs
– Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’
Security Affairs
• Department of Health and Human Services :
– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
– Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
•
Office of the Director of National Intelligence :
–
National Counterintelligence Center
• Central Intelligence Agency :
– Office of Terrorism Analysis/DCI Counterterrorism Center
• Office of Homeland Security
•
National Security Council
•
AND Department of Homeland Security

• U. S. House of Representatives
– House Armed Services Committee ,
– House Committee on Foreign Affairs
• Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation
– House Select Committee on Homeland Security
– House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
• U. S. Senate
– Senate Committee on Armed Services
– Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
– Senate Committee on Intelligence
– Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental
Affairs

• Home Office
– Office for Security and Counterterrorism
– UK CT Strategy
– March 2009 Strategy Document
• MI5
– Organization
– Joint Terrorism Analysis Center
• Metropolitan Police Service

• MOJ
– Public Security Intelligence Agency
• Japanese National Police Agency

• Federal Office for the Protection of the
Constitution
• Federal Ministry of the Interior
– Terrorism News
– Federal Criminal Police Office

• Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)
• Institute for Special Operations
(Mossad)
• Israeli Security Agency (Shabak or Shin
Bet)
• PM’s National Security Council
– Counter Terrorism Bureau

UN-Based Agreements

Drone Strikes

International Convention for the
Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism

US Treasury: Office of Terrorism and
Financial Intelligence
– Organizational Chart
– Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial
Crimes
– Office of Foreign Assets Control
• Specially Designated Nationals List
• Exec. Order 13224
– The list

5. Law Enforcement

Pre-2001 Terrorists as Criminals
• 1996 Anti-Terrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act
– Summary by US Congress, Congressional
Research Service

Ramzi Yousef Sheikh Omar Abdel
Rahman (leader of
Islamic Group)
Convicted (1997/1998) for bombing of WTC 1993
Life sentence
United States v. Mohammed
Salameh et al U.S. Court of Appeals –
2nd Circuit Aug 4, 1998
Convicted (1995) for plot on NY Landmarks
Life Sentence

Post-2001: What are Terrorists?
Uncertainty
Question: What are terrorists who are not affiliated with a nation-state?
a. Criminals b. Soldiers c. Neither d. Both e.
Don’t ask

1. Surveillance
2. Legal Status of Individuals
3. Treatment of Individuals

• Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
(FISA) 1978
• USA PATRIOT ACT 10/26/01
– Pro and Con
– ACLU on the Act
• Terrorist Surveillance Program (2001)
• Protect America Act 2007

• Detainees (unlawful enemy combatants)
– President George W. Bush Military Order,
November 13, 2001, “Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the
War Against Terrorism”
– Authorization to Use Military Force ,
September 18, 2001

The Legal Evolution: Legislation and Trials
• Detainee Treatment Act , 2005
• Military Commissions Act , 2006
• Military Commission Act 2009
(amendments to 2006 Act)
– Analysis by CRS
– Manual for Military Commissions )2010 edition)
• Guantanamo Trials
• Guantanamo Docket

• Rasul v. Bush
• Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
• Padilla v. Rumsfeld
• Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
• Boumediene v. Bush

• Memos from the Office of Legal
Counsel, Bush and Obama
Administrations concerning detainee treatment and interrogation policies
Detainee Treatment Act , 2005
• Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings on Detainee Treatment, May 2009

• Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative , Memorandum for
John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel of the Central
Intelligence Agency, from Jay Bybee, Assistant Attorney
General, August 1, 2002, from http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/olc/zubaydah.pdf

• CIA
• DoD
• NEST
• JTTF (FBI)

NJTTF
(38 agencies)
JTTFs
OIG Report
State and Local Law
Enforcement
(MOUs)

Dilemmas of CT for JTTF and
Local Law Enforcement (1)
• Intelligence
– Identify
– Track
• Decision:
– to share with other domestic institutions
– To share with foreign institutions

Dilemmas of CT (2)
Decision: Considerations
• Goal: Prevention or Prosecution?
• When do you have enough evidence to arrest and charge?
• Is this a small/single who will lead you to bigger target or group of targets?
• Are you allowed to detain someone without charge as a preventive measure?
– Would that make it difficult to then charge them later or become a controversy that hurts support for policy?
• How close is the person or group to an actual attack?

• Oslo Accords 1993
• Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasr
Arafat at the White House 1993

• Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement (1998)
British prime minister Tony Blair and taoiseach Bertie Ahern signing the Belfast Agreement in April, 1998

Rejection of Accords by Real IRA
15 August 1998, car bomb by Real IRA, Omagh, County Tyrone, 29 dead; from BBC
News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7153607.stm

1. Radicals vs. Moderates
2. Failed States
3. Ethno-nationalists
4. Al-Qaeda

1. Radicals vs. Moderates
HAMAS vs.
Fatah

Al-Shabab in Somalia

PKK in Turkey

• Freedom House, 2009

Since 9/11: 39 Attempted Terrorism Strikes
Heritage Foundation Analysis (May 2011)
Heritage Foundation Chart (May 2011)
Vs.
Three Attacks with loss of life
• July 2002 , Los Angeles
• June 2009, Little Rock, Arkansas
• Ft. Hood 11/5/2009