Turn in your DBQ
• Historians have debated the benefits and
costs of the Industrial Revolution for many
years. Analyze the long and short terms
effects of Industrialization on the average
person in Europe. In your answer consider
the social, economic and political
consequences for lower to middle class urban
dwellers.
Today’s Focus Q
• Analyze and explain the ideological
relationships between Liberalism, Socialism,
Nationalism and Conservatism.
Liberalism
1. Favored the idea of the sovereignty of the
people, but…
•
•
Government should rest on the organized consent
of at least the most important sections of the
community.
An extension of the franchise to include all men
of property.
 Exclude the working class!
2. A good constitutional monarchy was the best
form of government.
3. Valued liberty more than equality.
•
•
•
Confidence in man’s powers of self-government
and self-control.
Freedom of the press.
Free right of assembly.
4. Written constitutions.
Liberalism
5. Economic policies:
•
•
•
•
Laissez-faire economy.
Free trade.
Lower tariffs.
Against the right of the working class to organize
into unions.
6. The general progress of humanity would emerge
from the growth of wealth and from science and
inventions.
7. Established churches & the landed aristocracy
were obstacles to the advancement of
civilization.
8. Orderly change by legislative process.
9. A dislike of wars, conquests, a standing army,
and military expenditures.
10. Hated the idea of revolution!
Challenges to Liberalism
 From above  the conservative
upper class.
 From below  socialism/Marxism.
 From organized religions.
 From militarism and imperialism.
 From economic upheavals:
•
•
Irish Potato Famine [1845-1852].
Great Depressions [1873-1896].
Characteristics of Conservatism
• Stability & longevity, not progress and change,
mark a good society.
• The only legitimate sources of political authority
were God and history.
• They rejected the “social contract” theory.
• Conservatives believed that self-interests do not
lead to social harmony, but to social conflict.
• Denounced individualism and natural rights.
• To conservatives, society was hierarchical.
19c Conservatism
• reaction to liberalism & the violence of the French
Revolution.
• Early conservatism was allied to the restored
monarchical governments of Austria, Prussia,
France, and England.
• Support for conservatism:
• Came from the traditional ruling class.
• Also supported by the peasants.
• Supported by Romantic writers,
conservatives believed in order, society
and the state, faith, and tradition.
Early Socialists
Socialism can be defined as an economic
system in which the means of production,
exchange, and distribution are owned by
the state rather than private individuals.
Designed to abolish the abuses of
capitalism by promoting collectivization.
Socialism ranged from strictly economic
reform in the context of a democratic
government to the extreme of Marxism.
Utopian Socialists
Utopian socialists offered no practical plan
for achieving the ideal societies they
envisioned and thought industrialists
would support their ideas as soon as they
saw their merit.
Socialism developed independently in
France and England in the 19th century.
Utopian Socialists
Saint-Simon: (1760-1825): French:
Advocated the abolition of private property
and the development of an industrial state
under the direction of a board of directors
made up of scientists & skilled businessmen
who would work for the betterment of all
people, including the working class.
Had little practical impact
Pierre Proudhon: French: “Property is
Theft.” Influenced Karl Marx.
Utopian Socialists
Charles Fourier (1772-1837): French:
Called for a society made up of small
cooperative communities called phalanxes in
which economic competition would be
eliminated & all work done voluntarily.
People in his society would live in communal
dwellings.
Too idealistic & failed in his attempts.
Utopian Socialists
Robert Owen: (1771-1858): successful English
industrialist
Believed that environmental factors influenced
people and thought factories and communities
needed to be clean, and provide decent wages.
Wanted to outlaw child labor & provide mandatory
education.
Created a model cotton mill in Scotland, but failed
in his attempts in Indiana.
Did a lot to popularize the need for social reform in
England.
Utopian Socialists
Louis Blanc: French: (1811 - 1882) organized a
socialist political party to achieve socialist
measures in France.
Believed that governments have the duty of
providing workers with farms and shops to replace
privately owned ones. He called these national
workshops.
These would be run by the workers for their own
good.
Wanted democratic government.
Undermined by the provisional gov’t in 1848.
Marxism
Founded by Marx & Engels, it was a militant
form of socialism which is often called
Communism.
Differed from other forms of socialism because
it called for a revolutionary overthrow of the
existing system. No accommodation.
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
Friedrich
Engels
More Marxist Ideas
Capitalism is a necessary step in the
eventual development of Communism.
Revolution in which the proletariat
overthrows the bourgeoisie is inevitable
but must be led by Marxist intellectuals
called the “vanguard of the revolution.”
A temporary “dictatorship of the proletariat
must be established after the revolution to
reorder society.
More Marxist Ideas
Marx envisioned a situation in which workers all
over the world would eventually overthrow their
existing conditions and create Communist
societies.
When this had occurred, he believed there
would be no need for governments and
predicted the “withering of the state.”
Believed in the principle “From each acc. to his
ability, to each acc. to his need.”
Emergence of Nationalism
• Nationalism became perhaps the greatest
force for revolution in the period between
1815 and 1850.
Nationalism is a theory of political
legitimacy, which requires that ethnic
boundaries should not cut across political
ones, and, in particular, that ethnic
boundaries within a given state – a
contingency already formally excluded by
the principle in its general formulation –
should not separate the power-holders
from the rest.
-Ernest Gellner
Revolutionary Movements in the Early 19c