The Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution Review
• Scientific Method – Francis Bacon; Used
observation & experiments to test hypothesis
• Nicolas Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory
• Galileo – Telescope, Astronomical
Observations
• Isaac Newton – Gravity, 3 Laws of Motion
• Robert Boyle – Boyle’s Law (Pressure inversely
proportional to temperature & volume. PV=k)
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• How did the Industrial Revolution affect the
development of Europe?
The Industrial Revolution
• Refers to the shift from farming to
manufacturing that originated in Great Britain
& spread to the United States and much of
Europe.
Where it Started & Why
• The Industrial Revolution began in England
• Why?
– England had large deposits of coal
– Their large colonial empire supplied raw materials
– Had most powerful navy in the world, & used it to
protect trade ships
– Powerful middle class
Causes
•
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The steam engine was invented
Powered many machines at once
Allowed factories to be created
Now goods could be mass produced
Effects
• Urbanization
– Many workers were needed to work in factories
– People moved from countryside to cities because
of available jobs
– Populations of cities increased
Effects
• Global Trade Increased
– Nations needed raw materials to produce goods
– Nations wanted to sell their products to make money
• Railroads
– Created to transport goods
– 1st Railroad: United Kingdom, used to move goods &
people in 1830’s
– Spread throughout revolution & became fastest way
to travel
Effects
• Working Conditions
– Poor conditions with low pay
– Children forced to work in unsafe conditions cause
they could fit inside machines to fix them
– Charles Dickens wrote about this in many novels
Scientists & Inventions
• James Hargreaves
– Invented Spinning Jenny in 1763
– Used cotton to make large amounts of thread &
cloth
• James Watt
– Invented Steam Engine in 1769
– Used to power factories & machinery
Scientists & Inventions
• Eli Whitney
– Created Cotton Gin in 1793
– Quickly separated cotton from seeds
– American South planted more cotton, increased
slavery
• Robert Fulton
– Invented Steamboat in 1807
– Created faster movement of goods & people
Scientists & Inventions
• Samuel Morse
– Helped create telegraph in 1837
– Developed Morse Code – Made communication
faster using electronics & wires
• Henry Bessemer
– Invented Bessemer Process in 1854
– Helped with mass production of steel using iron
Scientists & Inventions
• Louis Pasteur
– Helped create Pasteurization in 1864
– Heated milk to kill germs without spoiling milk
– Created rabies vaccine
• Alexander Graham Bell
– Invented telephone in 1876
– First words: “Mr. Watson come here!”
Scientists & Inventions
• Thomas Edison
– Developed devices that influenced life around
world
– Phonograph, Motion Picture Camera, Light bulb
• Pierre & Marie Curie
– Discovered radium in 1898
– Radioactive material used in X-Rays
– Led to creation of atomic bomb