Psych Final Review
2014
All students are permitted to use this review on the
academic psych exam. You may add your own
handwritten notes to the pages of this study guide.
Any photocopied guides or additional pages will
be invalid for use during the exam.
Unit 1: Intro to Psych
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Objectives:
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Define psychology
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History of psychology
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Trephining- Elements/Humors- PhrenologyEnlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s
structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt to …
Major schools of psychology
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Study of behaviors and mental processes
Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic- CognitiveBiological
Why psych a science
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Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. Applied
Modern Schools of Thought
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Behaviorism
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John B. Watson
Observable behaviors/
consequences
Psychoanalytic
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Jean Piaget
Org, remember, use
knowledge
Humanistic
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Sigmund Freud
Hidden conflict drives
behavior
Cognitive
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(Neuro)Biological
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Maslow and Rogers
Hierarchy of needs guides
behavior
New
NS, Hormones, Genes
influence behavior
Sociocultural
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How society & culture
impact dvpt
Psych As Science
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Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what we know
to solve problems
Scientific Method
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Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Theory, Retest
Research Methods
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Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, Tests
Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, Blinds
Correlational Method
Unit 2: Biological Basis
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Objectives:
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Techniques for studying the brain.
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Phrenology- Infamous Patients- Lesioning- Electrical
Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI)
Nervous System- neuron and neural communication.
Types, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction Time
 Neuroanatomy Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts)
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Function and location of parts of the brain.- Diagram
 Function and location of lobes and hemispheres.
 Glandular System
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Endocrine System Diagram
 Function of major endocrine glands & hormones
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Nervous System
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Brain Cells
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Sensory, Motor, Interneuron
Body (soma)- Dendrites- Axon
(myelin sheath)- End BulbsSynapse
Communication
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Neurotransmitters
(excite/inhibit)
Reaction Time/
Discrimination
Central Nervous System
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Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
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Parts of Neuron
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Neuroanatomy
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Glial Cells/ Neurons
Neurons
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Somatic and Autonomic
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Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic
Brain
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Right vs. Left Hemispheres
Lobes
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal,
Occipital
Fissures
Motor/Sensory/Auditory/Vis
ual Cortex
Broca/Wernicke’s Areas
The Brain
Unit 3: States of Consciousness
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Objectives:
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Define consciousness, id various states.
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Describe state of sleep
Explain theories on sleep
Explain theories on dreaming
Describe meditation and hypnosis.
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Awareness of self and environment
Conscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- Altered
Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible (Characteristics?)
(Uses?)
Meditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquility
Identify types and effects of drugs and alcohol
Sleep and Dreams
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Theories
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EvolutionaryRecuperative
Circadian
Stages of Sleep Cycle
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Awake- nREM 1-3, REM
Different brain waves
5-6/night
Dream Theory
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Cultural, Psychoanalytic,
Activation-Synthesis,
Problem Solving
Sleep Disorders
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Insomnia, Narcolepsy,
Apnea, Walking/Talking/
Wetting, Terrors
Unit 4: Personality
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Objectives
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Define personality
Describe personality assessments & uses
Compare & contrast the major theories of personality
(Personality results from…
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Psychoanalytic- unconscious motives and the importance of early childhood
experiences
Neo-Freudian – see above with slight modifications
Behavioral – interaction between the individual and the environment
Social-Cognitive – environmental conditions, cognitive factors, and behavior
Humanistic – inherent desire to reach our true potential.
Trait - consistent, long-lasting behaviors & feelings.
Personality Theories
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Psychoanalytic
 Freud’s Sexual/Aggressive Urges
 Id-Ego-Superego
 Fixation of Libido (Oral, Anal,
Phallic, Latent, Genital Stages)
 Defense Mechanisms
Neo-Freudian
 Jung –Collective Unconscious
(Archetypes)
 Horney – Security, Womb Envy
 Adler – Inferiority Complex &
Birth Order
 Erikson – Psychosocial Crises
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Behavioral
 Skinner – learned via
reinforcement/punishment
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Social-Cognitive
 Bandura – Self-efficacy
 Rotter – Locus of Control
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Humanistic
 Maslow – Self-actualization
 Rogers – Self concept (real vs
ideal), UPR, Fully Functioning
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Trait
 Cattell – 16 PF
 McCrae/Costa Big 5 - OCEAN
Personality Tests
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Personality
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Unique pattern of
thought, feeling, behavior
Humors – Phrenology –
Modern Theories
Assessments
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Objective (Self-Report):
MMPI-2, 16PF, NEO
Projective: Rorschach,
TAT
Test Reliability & Validity
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Uses
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Diagnose disorders
Hiring
Research
Predict Behavior
Unit 5: Stress
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Stressors
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Physical vs Psychological
Daily –LCUs –
Catastrophe
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Hans Selye – GAS Theory
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Alarm-ResistanceExhaustion
Physical Reactions to Stress
Psychological Reactions to
Stress
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Headaches, Insomnia, High
Blood Pressure, Illness
Depression, Anxiety
Coping Skills
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Locus of Control, Exercise,
Sleep, Diet, Support System,
Outlets
Unit 6: Abnormal Psychology
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Objectives:
Define abnormal
 Explain medical model and DSM
 Differentiate between the 15 major DSM disorders
 Explain possible treatments and types of therapy
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Mental Illness
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Abnormal
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Deviation, Maladjustment,
Distress
Impairs daily functioning
Major Mental Diagnoses
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Asylum Reform
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Dorothea Dix
Medical Model
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Diagnose symptoms- Treat
DSM-V
Criticisms?
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Treatment
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Mood, Anxiety (& Subtypes),
Somatoform, Dissociative,
Schizophrenia
Personality, Impulse Control
Others…Eating, Sleeping
Legal Insanity
In-Out Patient
Biomedical (Surgery, Drugs)
Psychotherapies (Types)
Combined Therapy
Therapists & Counselors,
Settings
Perspectives of Disorders
Illness is the result of….
Can be treated by…
Psychoanalytic
Unconscious conflicts over aggressive
& sexual impulses.
Psychotherapy (“talking cure”)
Behavioral
Reinforcement of inappropriate or
Behavior Therapy:
extinction of appropriate behaviors. Apply principles of learning to
change/modify behavior
Cognitive
Irrational or maladaptive thought
processes
Cognitive Therapy:
Change thought processes
Psychosocial
Biological, psychological, and
sociocultural factors.
Medication, Behavioral , Cognitive
Therapies
Neurobiology
Genetic abnormalities in brain
structure & biochemistry.
Medication
Unit 7: Learning
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Objectives:
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Describe components of classical conditioning.
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Describe components of operant conditioning.
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See next page
See next page
Describe observational/ social learning theory.
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Bandura’s BoBo Doll & Modeling
Attention- Retention- Imitation- Motivation
Vicarious Living- Disinhibition
Conditioning
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Classical
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Pavlov- Behaviors
NS- UCS- UCR- CS- CR
Principles of CC
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Watson- Emotions
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Acqui- Gen- DiscrimExtinc- Recov
Baby Albert
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Operant
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Thorndike’s Law of Effect
BF Skinner
Behavior/Consequence
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Fixing Fears
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Counter- DesensitizationFlooding
(+/-) Reinforcement –
Punishment- Omission
Training
Primary/Secondary
Reinforcers
Continuous/Partial
Reinforcement
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Ratio- Interval
Fixed-Variable
Shaping, Chaining
Unit 8: Social Psych
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Social Thinking
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Attribution:
Disposition/Situation, FAE,
Self-Serving Bias
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Social Influence
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Asch’s Conformity Study
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Behavior
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Attitude Formation
Attitude Change:
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Persuasion – Central/Peripheral
Foot In Door/Door In Face
Festinger’s Cognitive
Dissonance
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Social Facilitation –
Inhibition – Loafing
Bystander Effect (Kitty G)
Zimbardo – Role &
Deindividuation
Milgram - Obedience
Social Psych
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Social Relations
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Groups: In/Out
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Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
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Interpersonal Attraction
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Proximity, Attractiveness
(Halo Effect), Similarity
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Romantic Love
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Hatfield: Passionate,
Companionate
Sternberg: Triarchic Theory
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Conflict
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Causes/Resolution
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Passion, Commitment,
Intimacy
Gender differences in dating
& mating