Behavioral Pharmacology
Flash Card Terms
Session
Term
1
Abolishing Operations
1
Applied Behavior Analysis vs
Experimental Analysis of Behavior
1
Avoidance behavior
1
Avoidance behavior: Pole jumping
1
Basic facts about drugs
1
Behavioral locus of drug action
1
Behavioral mechanisms responsible
for drug effects on behavior
1
Behavioral pharmacology
1
Behaviorism
1
Behaviorism: Radical vs
methodological
1
Chain Schedule
1
Concurrent Schedule (Conc)
1
Conditioned Motivative Operations
(CMO)
Answer
1. Decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of
some stimulus
2. Decreases the strength of the behavior that
has produced that stimulus in the past
Both use systematic manipulations and data
analysis of individual organisms.
ABA: Behaviors of social significance to the
person are investigated
EAB: Behaviors of no social significance of the
person are investigated
Avoidance behavior that is reinforced by the
postponement or avoidance of an aversive
stimulus (negative reinforcer).
1. It is a signaled avoidance procedure where
the rat can jump on a pole to escape/avoid
shock.
2. Antipsychotics disrupted avoidance behavior
but not escape behavior.
3. The assay was then used to find drugs that
had similar effects in the hope that they could
have antipsychotic effects.
1. Effects are time dependent
2. Effects are dose dependent
3. Can be toxic
4. Multiple effects
What behavior(s) are affected by a drug
What kind of stimulus properties a drug has.
For example, it may be a reinforcer, EO, AO,
CS, US, etc.
The marriage of behavior analysis and
pharmacology. The study of drug effects using
the methods of EAB.
Philosophy of behavior that assumes behavior
is a function of current and past environments
as well as genetics.
Radical behaviorism holds that all behavior,
public or private, is a legitimate target of study.
Methodological behaviorism only studies
observable (public) behavior.
Two or more schedules are presented
successively each with its own signal. A
reinforcer is given only at the end of the
sequence (FR10-FI1’-VR20-Reinforcer)
Two or more schedules are available
simultaneously that can be selected (choose to
work in workshop or watch TV)
Have the same effects that motivative
operations have, but the effects are due to a
conditioning history
1
Conditioned Reinforcer (punisher)
1
CR
1
CS
1
Dependent Variable
1
Dependent variable in respondent
conditioning
1
Deprivation
1
Development of Behavioral
Pharmacology - Factors
1
Discriminated Operant
1
Discrimination
1
Discrimination Training
1
DRA
1
DRH
1
DRI
1
DRL
1
DRO
A consequence that increases (or decreases)
the rate of behavior because it has been paired
with another reinforcer (or punisher)
Conditioned Response – a response elicited by
a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus – a neutral stimulus that
comes to elicit a conditioned response through
pairing with a US
Measure of behavior of interest
1. Latency
2. % of trials with CR
3. Magnitude (e.g., # drops of saliva)
Absence of reinforcer for a period of time,
thereby making that event more effective as a
reinforcer.
1. Drugs developed to treat mental illness and
behavior problems
2. Concerns with drug abuse
3. Concerns with chemical contamination
4. Development of EAB
Behavior that requires some "opportunity" or
specific antecedent to occur. Ex: in order to
follow directions, there must first be a direction
given.
Refers to a change in observed behavior when
antecedent stimulus is changed.
Reinforcing a behavior in the presence of some
stimulus and extinguishing (or punishing) the
behavior in the absence of the stimulus.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative
Behavior. Reinforcer is delivered when a
response occurs for a fixed amount of time.
The response is chosen because it is an
alternative to the target behavior but not
necessarily incompatible.
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of
Behaviors. Reinforcer is delivered for more
than a fixed number of responses in a time
period -or- Reinforcer is delivered after an IRT
less than some criterion amount of time. Used
to increasethe rate of behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible
behavior. Reinforcer is delivered when a
response occurs for a fixed amount of time.
The response is chosen because it is
incompatible with the target behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of
Behavior. Reinforcer is delivered for no more
than a fixed number of responses in a time
period -or- Reinforcer is delivered after an IRT
greater than some criterion amount of time.
Used to decrease the rate of behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior.
Reinforcer is delivered when a response does
1
DRO: Momentary
1
Establishing Operation
1
Experimental analysis of behavior
1
FI- Fixed Interval
1
FR-Fixed Ratio
1
FT- Fixed Time
1
Independent Variable
1
Mechanism of action
1
Mixed Schedule
1
Motivational Operation (2 effects)
1
Motivational operation: Distal
1
Motivational operation: Proximal
1
Multiple Schedule (Mult)
1
Negative Punisher
1
Negative Reinforcement
1
Negative Reinforcer
not occur for a fixed (or varied in VDRO)
amount of time.
MDRO 5 min = observe person after 5
minutes, and if the decel target behavior is not
occurring at the moment, then deliver some
stimulus.
1. Increases the reinforcing effectiveness of
some stimulus
2. Increases the strength of the behavior that
has produced that stimulus in the past
EAB: Behaviors of no social significance of the
person are investigated
1. Automated recording
2. Objective DV and IV
3. Within subject designs
4. Visual inspection of data
Reinforcer delivered after the first response
after a fixed amount of time has elapsed.
Produces a scalloped rate of responding.
Reinforcer delivered after fixed number of
responses. Produces steady, high rate of
response with pauses after reinforcement.
A stimulus is delivered after a fixed period of
time , irrespective of behavior.
Treatment or intervention
How a drug works – usually refers to the
neurotransmitters that are affected
Two or more independent schedules that are
presented successively but each does not
have its own signal. Independent schedules
are those that program their own schedule of
reinforcement. (Mix FR 10 FI 2')
1. Changes the reinforcing effectiveness of
some stimulus
2. Changes the strength of behavior that has
produced that stimulus in the past
An MO that is temporally removed from a
behavior - for example, several hours prior to
the behavior that is strengthened.
An MO that occurs close in time to a behavior
Two or more schedules that are presented
successively each with their own signal (1st
period has FR10 attention for tasks, 2nd period
with different teacher has Ext for task
completion = Mult FR 10 Ext)
Stimulus that when withdrawn after a behavior,
decreases the rate of the behavior. Note that
IRT will increase.
Process in which a stimulus is withdrawn after
a behavior, and the rate of the behavior
increases.
Stimulus that when withdrawn after a behavior,
increases the rate of the behavior. Note that
IRT will decrease.
1
NS
1
Operant
1
Operant Conditioning
1
Pavlov
1
Positive Punisher
1
Positive Reinforcement
1
Positive Reinforcer
1
Primary Reinforcer
1
Reflexive CMO
1
Resistance to extinction: Schedule
effects
1
Respondent (classical) Conditioning
1
Respondent Extinction
1
SD
1
S-delta
1
SDP
1
Skinner
1
Stimulus Control
1
Stimulus Generalization
Neutral Stimulus – stimulus that does not elicit
a response prior to conditioning
A collection of responses with a common effect
on the environment. Ex: child may do a variety
of things to obtain attention.
Kind of learning where a class of behavior is
modified by changing its consequences.
Developed procedures of respondent
conditioning. Promoted objective study of
digestive processes, and found that
conditioning occurred when stimuli were
paired.
A stimulus that when presented after a
behavior, decreases the rate of behavior. The
IRTs would increase.
Process in which a stimulus is presented after
a behavior and the rate of the behavior
increases. The IRTs would decrease.
Stimulus that when presented after a behavior,
increases the rate of the behavior. Note that
the IRT will decrease.
Reinforcer effective without previous
experience (food, water)
Have their effects because their presence
signals a "worsening" or "improvement" of
conditions. In the former, their offset is
reinforcing. In the latter, their offset is
punishing.
Extinction after dense schedules (FR 1): rapid.
Extinction after lean schedules (VR 100): slow
Kind of learning in which one stimulus is paired
with a second stimulus and, as a result, the
first comes to elicit the same or similar
response that the second elicits
Decrease in the strength of a CR as a result of
presenting the CS alone
Stimulus that 1. evokes a behavior 2. because
that behavior has been reinforced in the
presence of the stimulus.
A stimulus that 1. suppresses a behavior 2.
because that behavior has been extinguished
in the presence of the stimulus
Stimulus that 1. decreases or suppresses a
behavior 2. because that behavior has been
punished in the presence of the stimulus.
Developed EAB and concepts of radical
behaviorism.
The extent to which a behavior occurs when
the antecedent stimulus is presented. EX:
Mom has stimulus control over a child's
tantrums to the extent that the child tantrums in
the presence of mom, and does not tantrum in
her absence.
Effects of a contingency spread to stimuli not
1
Surrogate CMO
1
Tandem Schedule
1
Thorndike
1
Transitive CMO
1
Two factor theory of avoidance
1
Unconditioned Reinforcer
1
UR
1
US
1
Variables that modulate drug effects
1
VI-Variable Interval
1
VR-Variable Ratio
1
VT- Variable Time
1
Watson
yet associated with the contingency.
A surrogate CMO has its effect because of a
history of pairing with an MO, and these effects
mimic those of the MO.
Two or more schedules that are presented
successively, but there is no signal for each. A
reinforcer is given only at the end of the
sequence.
Used an apparatus called a puzzle box. Cats
were enclosed in the box, and he recorded the
latency of escape from the box to get fish. The
latency decreased over time.
Change the reinforcing value of some other
stimulus, and change the strength of behavior
that has produced that stimulus in the past.
1. An aversive stimulus is presented after
behavior. As a result, concomitant stimuli are
paired with the stimulus, and they become
aversive. These stimuli can involve responseproduced stimuli (e.g., proprioceptive stimuli)
or in signaled avoidance, some external
stimulus.
2. Any behavior that terminates the
conditioned aversive stimuli is automatically
reinforced. For example, in signaled
avoidance, behavior will be conditioned that
turns off the external stimulus.
A reinforcer that is effective without previous
experience. Ex: food, drinks
Unconditioned Response- response elicited by
an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus – stimulus that elicits a
behavior w/o any history.
Any variable that will affect the action of a drug.
The following are some variables:
1. Dose
2. Kinetics
3. Body weight
4. Kinds of stimuli used in the study
Reinforcement delivered after the first
response after an average amount of time has
elapsed. Produces a steady, medium rate of
response with little pausing.
Reinforcement delivered after average number
of responses. Produces a steady, very high
rate of response with brief, if any, pauses after
reinforcement
A reinforcer is delivered after a variable
amount of time (average) irrespective of
behavior.
Rejected mentalism of his day, and promoted
objective study of behavior. Appealed to
antecedent events, and was therefore
associated with S-R psychology.
1
Zavaadski
2
Depot binding
2
Dose effect curve
2
Dose response curve
2
Drug
2
Drug classifications: 3 kinds
2
Drug interactions x3
2
Drug interactions: Additive
2
Drug interactions: Infra-additive
2
Drug interactions: Super-additive
2
Drug naming x4
2
ED 50
2
First order kinetics (linear)
2
Generality
2
Half life
2
Half life: How many for drug to be
excreted
2
Inadequate Explanations of Behavior
2
LD 50
2
Peak efficacy
Studied the effects of caffeine on respondent
conditioning.
Some drugs will bind with body parts that they
don't affect (e.g., fat cells). Over time, they will
be released and 1) be excreted or 2) be
absorbed into the blood stream.
Graph that shows the % of subjects that
showed a particular effect.
A graph that shows the dose on the X-axis and
the DV on the Y axis.
Chemical that affects living processes, usually
introduced into body.
1. Effect (e.g., stimulant)
2. Chemical class(xanthines)
3. Therapeutic usage (e.g., anti-psychotic)
1. Additive
2. Supra-additive
3. Infra-additive
The effects of two drugs (or more) can be
predicted by the summation of their effects.
The effects of two drugs (or more) will be less
than the summation of their effects.
The effects of two drugs (or more) will be more
than the summation of their effects.
1. Trade name (e.g., Valium)
2. Generic name (e.g., diazepam)
3. Chemical name
4. Manufacturers code (e.g., Ro 15-4513)
The dose at which 50% of the animals will be
affected in a particular way by the drug.
Rate of elimination is dependent on dose. The
higher the dose, the higher the rate of
elimination. Usually expressed in 1/2 life: If T
1/2 = 4 hours, then 1/2 of the drug is
eliminated every 4 hours.
Extent to which the results or functional
relations will be observed if the experiment is
changed in some way. Can be tested by
implementing the Tx with different Ss, settings,
behaviors, or species.
T 1/2 is the time for 1/2 of the drug to be
eliminated.
In general, it takes 5-6 half lives until drug is
eliminated from body.
1. Nominal Fallacy
2. Teleology
3. Reification
4. Circular reasoning
The dose at which 50% of the animals were
killed. Or, other parameters can be used, as in
LD 1 (dose at which 1% of animals were killed)
or LD 20 (dose at which 20% of animals were
killed)
The maximum effect of a drug irrespective of
2
Pharmacokinetics: 4 stages
2
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption
2
Pharmacokinetics: Biotransformation
2
Pharmacokinetics: Distribution
2
Pharmacokinetics: Excretion
2
Physical dependence
2
Potency
2
Protein binding
2
Route of administration
2
Therapeutic index (TI)
2
Tolerance
2
Tolerance x3 (no definitions)
2
Tolerance: Behavioral
2
Tolerance: Cellular
the dose.
1. Administration/absorption
2. Distribution
3. Biotransformation
4. Excretion
Drug enters bloodstream through stomach,
intestines, nasal membranes, from muscle
Drug changed to metabolites as they pass
through body. Metabolites are often inactive,
but not always. Often done by liver, and
sometimes in stomach.
From the bloodstream, the drug then travels to
body fluids in heart, liver, brain, kidneys - also
to muscle, skin, fat - and some makes to the
site of action which is in the brain.
Drugs are eliminated from the body in urine,
lungs, saliva, breast milk, hair. Often done by
kidneys.
After chronic administration of a drug, the body
adjusts to it, and homeostasis is achieved.
Then upon abrupt termination of the drug, a
w/d syndrome occurs.
How effective a drug is at a particular dose.
High potency: to get a specific effect, a lower
dose is required than a lower potency drug.
Upon entering the bloodstream, drug
molecules can bind with protein molecules.
Over time, they will be released from the
proteins and 1) be excreted or 2) absorbed into
the extracellular fluid. This will extend the drug
effect but overall reduce the drug effect.
The method of giving the drug. These include
oral, IV, IM, and IP.
LD 1 / ED 90. The higher the quotient, the
safer the drug. For example, if the LD 1 = 10
mg/kg and the ED 90 = 5 mg/kg, the TI = 2.
This is a dangerous drug!
1. The reduction of a drug effect, over time, as
a result of chronic administration OR
2. The increase in drug dose over time, as a
result of chronic administration, to maintain a
particular drug effect.
1. Cellular
2. Behavioral
3. Kinetic (metabolic)
When the decrease in the drug effect results
from the person learning to function while
under the influence of a drug. For example,
some people practice sobriety tests while
drinking, and become better able to pass the
tests when drunk.
When the decrease in the drug effect results
from a smaller effect at the cellular level. One
mechanism is down-regulation (decrease in the
2
Tolerance: Metabolic
2
Withdrawal syndrome
2
Zero order kinetics (nonlinear)
3
Action potential
3
Agonists
3
Antagonists
3
Behavior contrast: Negative
3
Behavior contrast: Positive
3
CNS (2 elements)
3
COD
3
Concurrent superstition
3
Dale's law
3
Depolarization
3
Drug effects on NTs
3
Drug effects on NTs: Receptor site
3
Drug effects on NTs: Release
# of receptor sites) or changes in the affinity for
the receptors.
When the decrease in the drug effect results
from an increase in metabolic processes that
are responsible for metabolizing the drug. This
can involve enzyme induction.
After chronic administration of a drug, abrupt
termination of the drug causes effects that are
opposite of those effects of the drug.
Rate of elimination is not dependent on dose:
steady rate of elimination by amount – e.g.,
alcohol is 10ml/hour
The flow of electricity in a neuron. It is caused
by a depolarization of the neuron.
Some NTs can occupy and operate a receptor.
These increase neuronal activity.
Some NTs occupy a receptor, but do not
operate. These decrease neuronal activity.
When a treated behavior increases (e.g., ext or
punishment), and the same untreated behavior
in another situation decreases. In the
laboratory, contrast is studied in multiple
schedules.
When a treated behavior decreases (e.g., ext
or punishment), and the same untreated
behavior in another situation increases. In the
laboratory, contrast is studied in multiple
schedules.
Brain and spinal cord
Change over delay - When there is a time
delay between one behavior and the reinforcer
for a 2nd behavior.
When a behavior (e.g., tantrum) is maintained
by the reinforcer for another behavior (e.g.,
mand for food).
Dale's law held that a given neuron always
produces the same NT at all of its synapses. It
is not quite true - some neurons produce more
than 1 NT at each synapse.
It generallly involves the influx of NA ions into
the neuron. The neuron temporarily loses its 70 mv charge and goes to a + 40mv charge.
This initiates the action potential.
1. Synthesis
2. Re-uptake
3. Storage
4. Block/facilitate at receptor
5. Release
Some drugs block or facilitate action at the
receptor site. For example, anti-psychotics are
DA antagonists, and morphine is agonist of
opiate receptor sites.
1. Drugs may increase/decrease release of
NTs.
3
Drug effects on NTs: Re-uptake
3
Drug effects on NTs: Storage
3
Drug effects on NTs: Synthesis
3
Escape behavior
3
Escape Extinction
3
Excitatory synapse
3
Extinction
3
Extinction Side-Effects
3
Free Operant
3
Function-altering
3
Function-altering: Operant
conditioning
3
Function-altering: Respondent
conditioning
3
Function-altering: Rules
3
Generalization Gradient
3
Inhibitory synapse
2. Cocaine and d-amph increases release of
NE and DA.
3. Botox decreases release of ACH which
results in relaxation of muscles and softens
wrinkles.
Some drugs affect the inactivation of drugs in
the re-uptake mechanism. For example,
cocaine/d-amphetamine interferes with reuptake of NE and DA. Also, SSRIs such as
prozac inhibit reuptake of Serotonin.
Drugs may affect the storage of NTs in
vesicles. Reserpine decreases storage of NE
by blocking transporters --> vesicles are empty
Drugs can affect synthesis of NT: L-dopa
increases DA
Escape behavior is behavior that is reinforced
by terminating an aversive stimulus (negative
reinforcer)
Extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior.
Withholding escape after a target behavior.
1. The faster a presynaptic cell fires, the more
NT is released.
2. In some synapses, this causes
depolarization (allows NA+ ions in) and the
postsynaptic cell becomes increasingly likely to
fire.
Withholding a stimulus that normally occurs
after a behavior, resulting in a decrease in the
rate of behavior.
Extinction burst, emotional behavior,
aggression, increase in variety of topographies,
increase in intensity of behavior
Behavior that can occur at anytime, given
some effective EO.
The concept that conditioning (and rules) alters
the function of stimuli. For example,
discrimination training creates SDs. And,
reinforcement creates EO s.
Reinforcement alters the function of neutral
stimuli and results in the emergence of SDs
and EO s.
The pairing of a NS and US results in a change
of the NS function - it becomes a CS.
Rules create new CSs, SDs, conditioned
reinforcers, EO s, etc.
A graph that shows the frequency of a behavior
in various stimulus conditions, one of which is
the "training" situation and then other similar
but untrained "test" situations.
1. The faster a presynaptic cell fires, the more
NT is released.
2. In some synapses, this causes
hypolarization (K+ out) and the postsynaptic
cell becomes increasingly less likely to fire.
3
Ion pump (also called the NA pump)
3
Nesbitt paradox
3
Neuron
3
Neuron: Axon
3
Neuron: Dendrites
3
Neuron: Receptors
3
Neuron: Soma
3
Neuron: Synapse
3
Neuron: Vesicles
3
Neurotransmitters
3
Neurotransmitters: Kinds
3
Neurotransmitters: lock and key
analogy
3
Nicotine bolus
3
Nicotine replacements
3
Nicotine: Administration/absorption
3
Nicotine: Biotransformation
3
Nicotine: Distribution
3
Nicotine: Effects
1. Moves NA outside (x3) and K inside (x2);
2. Membrane is not completely permeable
(gated channels)
1. Although a stimulant, nicotine will produce
relaxation.
2. This may result from the smoker having
something else to do, the antidepressant
effect, or relief from w/d.
The conduit by which electrical impulses travel
throughout the body. The excitable cells of the
nervous system.
Comes out of soma and stretches to the
terminal buttons. Covered with the myelin
sheath.
Part of the neuron where receptors are located.
Where electrical impulses from other neurons
are detected.
Specialized molecules to which certain NTs
bind.
Cell body of the neuron. Contains the nucleus.
A gap between neurons (between the terminal
bouton of one neuron and the dendrites of the
next neuron). NTs travel across the synapse
and bind to other neurons.
Storage units in a neuron that hold
neurotransmitters. Will release NTs.
Chemicals that are involved in communication
between neurons.
Examples: Dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine
Some NTs can occupy and operate a receptor.
These are called agonists. Some NTs occupy
a receptor, but do not operate. These are
called antagonists.
When smoked, a "bubble" of high
concentration forms in the blood, and goes to
brain. This can be responsible for the
reinforcement effect.
1. Patch gives more constant levels, but
combination w/gum is better than either alone
2. Nasal spray mimics the reinforcing effect
3. Vaccine – would block nicotine from
crossing blood-brain barrier and block reinf
effects.
1. Smoke - lungs
2. Chew - GI
3. Snuff - intranasal
1. Done by liver
2. Some molecules unchanged
1. To brain
2. The to liver/kidneys
3. Also to salivary glands
1. Increase HR, BP
7. Antidepressant
3
Nicotine: Effects on performance
3
Nicotine: Excretion
3
Nicotine: NTs
3
Nicotine: Source
3
Nicotine: Theories of self
administration
3
Nicotine: w/d
3
PNS
3
Resistance to Extinction
3
Resting potential
3
Stimulants: Relation to psychosis
3
Stop smoking meds: Chantix
3
Stop smoking meds: Zyban
3
Therapeutic window
4
EXAM 1
5
Acute drug studies
2. Vasoconstriction
3. Vomiting in first few doses
4. Coldness
5. Arousal
6. It is a reinforcer!
1. Improves performance on monotonous
tasks.
2. Improves function in Alzheimers and aging
subjects.
1. T 1/2 = 30 min
2. Kidneys
1. ACH – stimulates at low dose, blocks at high
doses – occupies and activates or blocks
2. Causes release of NE and DA
Tobacco
1. Constant blood level theory – avoid w/d
2. Nicotine bolus - bolus produces reinforcing
effects in brain (D receptors)
3. Psychological tool – manipulate levels of
arousal and attention as needed. It may
produce relaxation or arousal to do tasks (may
make aversive tasks less aversive – AO)
1. Decrease HR, BP
2. Vasodilation
3. Depression
4. Sleep
1. Somatic – skeletal muscles
2. Autonomic – smooth muscles and glands
a. Sympathetic- active in fight or flight
b. Parasympathetic – Conserve body
energy, digestion
The extent to which behavior persists when the
maintaining reinforcer is withheld.
Abbreviation: RTE
-70 mv which means that there are more
positive ions than negative outside the neuron,
but fewer positively charged ions inside the
neuron. Maintained by what is the called the
NA/K pump.
Stimulants cause the release of DA - chronic
use can cause such an increase in DA that it
will mimic psychosis (which is characterized by
too much DA).
Partial agonist: 1) weak effects that prevent
w/d and 2) blocks some of the effects of
nicotine.
Anti-depressant that also reduces cravings thus, functions as an AO. Drug is a weak
inhibitor of uptake of DA, NE, SE
Between therapeutic dose and toxic dose
EXAM in Session 4. Study all terms and
concepts from sessions 1-3.
In an acute drug study, the drug is given in a
single session. Then no drug is given until the
5
Between subject designs
5
Chronic studies: Procedure
5
Chronic studies: Purpose
5
Cocaine sudden death syndrome
5
Cocaine: Acute tolerance
5
Cocaine: Chronic tolerance
5
Cocaine: Source
5
Drug study: Control sessions
5
Drug study: Drug doses
5
Drug study: How often drug given
5
Drug study: Dose response curve
5
Parametric Analysis
5
Punding
5
Rate dependency
drug is eliminated from the body, and then
another dose is given, etc.
Participants only receive 1 condition (e.g., BL
or TX). The mean of each group is typically
reported.
In a chronic study, drug idose s given every
day, and during the sequence of daily
administrations, a different dose is occasionally
given to allow the construction of a dose
response curve. For example, 10 mg/kg of
morphine might be given every day for 2
months. But, occasionally a dose of 5, 15, and
45 mg/kg will be given instead of the 10 mg/kg.
To examine the extent to which tolerance is
obtained.
1. In the initial phase ---> excitement, nausea,
vomiting then convulsions
2. Followed by ---> respiratory depression,
cardiac failure
Decrease in an effect after 1 or doses.
Decrease in reinforcement effect, but no
tolerance in HR increase. Can be dangerous!
Decrease in effects after many administrations.
Tolerance to the following effects: HR, BP,
euphoria, lethality. No tolerance to effects on
sleep.
Coca plant
1. In control sessions, all procedures are
exactly the same as drug sessions, except the
active drug is not given.
2. Instead a placebo is given (in many cases,
instead of drug injections, saline injections are
given because the drug is often dissolved in
saline)
Drug doses should be in the following units:
mg/kg body weight
In acute studies, drug is often given in a BBCD
sequence where B = BL, C = control, and D =
drug. Thus, drug is given every 4 days.
A graph that shows the dose on the X-axis and
the DV on the Y axis.
Studying different values or levels of a
treatment. Can be accomplished by randomly
presenting the different values in a ABCDEF
design varied across participants -or- by
presenting the values in an
ascending/descending series in ABCDEDCBA
design. This design is often used in drug
studies.
Repetitive behavior produced by chronic
administration of stimulants
When the effects of a drug depend on the
ongoing rate of behavior. For example,
amphetamines increase low-rate behavior, but
5
Standard celeration chart: 1 behavior
in the observation period.
5
Stimulant addiction Tx
5
Stimulant: w/d
5
Stimulants: 2 General kinds
5
Stimulants: Admin/absorb
5
5
Stimulants: Biotransformation
Stimulants: Distribution
5
Stimulants: Effect on performance
5
5
5
Stimulants: Effects on heart and BP
Stimulants: Effects on liver
Stimulants: Effects on nasal passage
5
Stimulants: Effects on offspring
5
Stimulants: Excretion
5
Stimulants: NTs
5
Stimulants: T 1/2
6
Alcohol: Administration/absorption
6
Alcohol: Anti-punishment effects
6
Alcohol: Cancer risks
6
Alcohol: Distribution
6
Alcohol: Effects on body
6
Alcohol: Effects on emotional
behavior
6
Alcohol: Effects on heart
increase high-rate behavior.
The data point is plotted on the counting period
floor (record floor)
1. Detox
2. $ for clean urine tests
3. Antecedent controls
4. Meds: Wellbutrin and Topomax reduce
cravings
1. HR decrease
2. BP decrease
3. Sleep
4. Increase value of food
5. Decrease value of social stimuli
Natural (e.g., cocaine) and synthetic (e.g., damphetamines)
1. Oral - GI
2. IV - directly to blood stream
3. Snorting - intranasal
Liver
Brain, kidneys, spleen
Stimulants will improve performance on a
variety of tasks and skills (e.g., endurance,
vigilance, athletics).
Increase BP and irregular heart beat; strokes
Damage, jaundice
Chronic inflammation and ulceration
Expose to cocaine may produce more
behavioral problems, decreased attention, and
increase in aggression/irritability (not
necessarily decrease in IQ).
1. Urine
2. Perspiration
3. Saliva
1. Amph causes leakage of DA, NE and
increases release. Also blocks re-uptake
2. Cocaine blocks re-uptake of DA, NE and
block ion channels to produce numbing
1. Cocaine = 40 min
2. D-amphetamine = 4 hours
Oral administration then absorption in small
intestine
Alcohol will increase behavior suppressed by
punishment. For example, subjects earned $ &
shock, which depressed behavior. When
alcohol was given, behavior was increased.
Increases risk of cancers of the mouth, throat,
liver
Distributed in body water, brain, fetus, blood
Dilation of vessels, warm skin, increase
urination from loss of body water, hypothermia
Elation/euphoria --->
sedation/anger/depression
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy – too weak to pump
blood effectively
6
6
Alcohol: Effects on hepatic system
Alcohol: Effects on immune system
6
Alcohol: Effects on offspring
6
Alcohol: Effects on perception
6
Alcohol: Effects on performance
6
6
Alcohol: Effects on sleep
Alcohol: Excretion
6
Alcohol: Hangover
6
Alcohol: Kinetics
6
Alcohol: Metabolic factors
6
Alcohol: Metabolism
6
Alcohol: NTs
6
Alcohol: TI
6
Alcohol: Tolerance
6
Alcohol: W/D
6
Alcohol: W/D Tx
6
Alcoholism: Behavioral Tx
Hepatitis and cirrhosis (scarring)
Weakens
FAS and FAE: MR, low tone, low weight, small
eyes, droopy eyelids, mouth of fish
Decrease in acuity and peripheral vision
1. Increase RT/swaying (Romberg Sway test),
decrease in hand-eye/vigilance/memory
2. Can improve performance that is affected by
anxiety
Increase sleep, depresses REM
Kidneys into urine; breath, sweat, tears
Hangover is a mini-withdrawal. Tx for w/d =
give drug (have a drink).
Zero order - about 1 oz per hour independent
of dose.
1. Men require more alcohol to achieve a given
BAL: Women have lower levels of alcohol
dehydrogenase, less water
2. Experienced drinkers metabolize faster
3. Food in stomach speeds up metabolism
(increase blood flow to liver)
4. Genetics: see Oriental flushing
1st pass in stomach, then liver
Alcohol --> acetaldehyde (by alcohol
dehydrogenase) --> acetyl-coenzyme A (by
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase) --> water and
CO2
1. Increase GABA which is inhibitory
2. Depresses ion channel controlled by
glutamate
3. Facilitates SE, which may account for
reinforcing effect as DA is increased
3.5 - dangerous
1. Metabolic –increase AD
2. Behavioral -rats given alcohol before tasks
did better than those given it after in a test
session
3. Conditioned compensatory tolerance
(hypothermia decreases in alcoholenvironment; but when tested in saline-env, it
increases)
1. Early minor– agitation, tremors, vomiting,
HR problems
2. Late major – DTs – confusion,
hallucinations, seizures
1. Valium (for seizures),
2. Haldol
3. Supportive care
1. Diagnose
2. Set up functionally equivalent replacements
such as social skills, escaping from aversives,
job skills
3. Increase rate of reinforcement for healthy
behaviors
6
Alcoholism: Drug Tx
6
Alcoholism: Explanations
6
Alcoholism: Tx
6
Analgesia test: Tail flick
6
BAL: Blood alcohol level
6
Celeration
6
Distillation
6
Disulfiram (antabuse)
6
DMTS
6
Drug discrimination: Procedure
6
Drug discrimination: Setup
6
FCN
6
FCN-SD
1. Disulfiram (blocks AD and produces buildup
of Acetaldehyde)
2. SSRIs
3. Topomax – reduce cravings and w/d
symptoms
4. Campral – blocks reinforcing effect (GABA
related) and w/d symptoms
1. Escape/avoidance of w/d
2. Positive reinforcement effects of the drug
1. AA – but not subjected to rigorous testing
2. Drugs
3. Behavioral
1. Rat is restrained on a board. Tail is in a
groove on board
2. Heat source turned on
3. Record latency of tail flick to remove tail
from heat
4. Drug given to see if latency is increased
(analgesia)
mg/100 mls or % (.08, .20, .50%)
A measure of the change in behavior over time
(10/min ---> 20/min = x2)
Heat fermentation mixture ---> alcohol
evaporates ---> alcohol vapor collected and
cooled into liquid ---> repeat as needed
Acetaldehyde --> acetyl-coenzyme A process
is blocked by disulfiram. Thus, acetaldehyde
builds up and becomes toxic.
A sample stimulus (e.g., red light) is given.
Subject responds to the sample. Then, the
sample is removed, and a delay is
programmed. Then two comparison stimuli are
presented, one of which is the sample. If S
responds to the sample, then reinforcement is
provided. If not, Ext.
1. Saline days: food is available for responding
on the right lever (or key)
2. Drug days: food is available for responding
on the left lever (or key)
1. Chamber has two levers (or keys).
2. On some days, saline is given prior to the
session.
3. On other days, drug is given.
1. Two levers (or keys) are presented.
2. On the work lever, the subject must respond
8-12 times.
3. After this, then one response on the
reinforcement lever (or key) will produce food.
If S responds < 8 or > 12 times on the work
lever, and then responds to the reinforcement
lever, no food.
1. Two levers (or keys) are presented.
2. On the work lever, the subject must respond
8-12 times. After the 8th response, a light
comes on.
6
Fermentation
6
Fetal alcohol syndrome
6
Hormesis
6
In vino veritas (Latin)
6
Oriental flushing
6
6
Prohibition
Prohibition repealed
6
Reaction time
6
Repeated acquisition
6
Respondent conditioning drug assays
6
Schedule controlled behavior
6
Wernicke/Korsakoff
7
Caffeine: Administration/absorption
3. Then one response on the reinforcement
lever (or key) will produce food. If S responds
< 8 or > 12 times on the work lever, and then
responds to the reinforcement lever, no food.
Mix sugar and water + yeast ---> yeast eats
sugar and multiplies ---> converts sugar to
alcohol and CO2 ---> CO2 bubbles out to leave
alcohol
Consists of growth retardation, unusual facial
features, and mental retardation. Results from
alcohol consumption by mother.
Opposite effects at high and low doses (e.g.,
alcohol is toxic at high doses, but beneficial at
low doses)
Other toxins: low dose toxins jump start body’s
defenses, and even repair other problems
unrelated to toxin. But lethal at high doses.
"Truth in wine" - alcohol has anti-punishment
effects - thus we may be more likely to "Tell the
truth" or what we really think
People of oriental descent: alcohol is toxic
because of a problem with aldehyde
dehydrogenase --> build up of acetaldehyde
which is toxic and produces worse hangovers,
flushing, tachycardia
18th Amendment
21st Amendment
1. White light comes on to start trial
2. Light changes to red
3. Subject must respond to red and the
reinforcement is given
4. Drug is given to study effect on latency of
response to red
Subjects learn a new task each day. Drug is
given to study the effects on the Ss ability to
learn the new task.
Drug effects are studied on the development of
a CS by pairing with a US.
Mult FI FR and drug effects on behavior under
this complex schedule. In this schedule, each
provides its own reinforcement, and is
signalled by an external stimulus (e.g., FI =
green key light and FR = red key light).
Wernicke - damage to CNS/PNS – mental
confusion, vision impairment, stupor, coma,
hypothermia, hypotension, and ataxia
Korsakoff syndrome – memory loss due to
brain damage - Can be traced to vitamin
deficiency of thiamine – alcohol blocks use of
this from damage to liver and problems with
absorption
1. Administration: Oral
2. Absorption – stomach and intestines
7
7
7
7
Caffeine:
Caffeine:
Caffeine:
Caffeine:
7
Caffeine: Subjective effects
7
Caffeine: T 1/2
7
Caffeine: NTs
7
Caffeinism
7
Experiments: Correlational study
7
7
7
7
7
Distribution
Excretion
Metabolism
Sources
Human drug studies:
motivation
Human drug studies:
measures
Human drug studies:
Human drug studies:
measures
Human drug studies:
administration
How to study
Indirect
Self
Single access, concurrent schedues,
progressive ratio
1. Reinforce responding with drug
administration (e.g., cocaine)
2. Extinguish responding by withholding drug
administration
3. Provide noncontingent drug and responding
will re-appear.
Rate of change, computed by drawing a best fit
line and dividing the rates on 2 consecutive
Sundays.
Sunday lines
7
Standard Chart: Celeration
7
Standard Chart: Dark Vertical Lines
Standard Chart: Duration Data Points
Going Down
Standard Chart: Duration Data Points
Going Up
Standard Chart: Left Hand Y Axis
Standard Chart: Rate Data Points
Going Down
Standard Chart: Rate Data Points
Going Up
7
7
7
Drug Liking scale, Beck Depression Inventory
Reaction time, hand steadiness
Priming (drug studies)
7
Progressive ratio
Motor tests
Physiological
7
7
Distribution – brain and other organs and fluids
Kidneys: 2% is excreted unchanged.
Liver
Coffee bean, chocolate, tea
1. Lower doses – alertness, euphoria,
motivation, energy to work
2. Higher doses – anxiety, jitters
Adults: 3.5 hours
Infants: 4 days
1. Inhibits adenosine, which is inhibitory
(produces drowsiness). Thus, is excitatory.
2. Facilitates release of E
3. Increases DA - thus is reinforcing
4. Blocks benzodiazepine receptors ---> at
high doses results in anxiety
1. Low grade fever, irritability, insomnia,
irregular HB
2. Requires approx 1000 mg/day of caffeine
1. Subjects are obtained
2. Divided into 2 or more groups depending on
a characteristic (e.g., whether or not they
ingested alcohol in the last year)
3. Examine dependent variables (e.g.,
incidence of HBP, heart attack)
4. Differences in DV attributed to the variable in
step #2 but should be done with caution.
EEG, HR, GSR
Duration is increasing
Duration is decreasing
Count per minute
Rate is decreasing
Rate is increasing
7
Standard Chart: Record Floor
7
7
Standard Chart: Right Hand Y Axis
Standard Chart: X Axis
Dash on a particular day that shows the
duration the person was observed. Can be
plotted by dividing 1/# min or using the right
hand scale.
Time
Calendar Days
3 or more of the following in a year:
1. Tolerance
– Do you need more of the substance to get
high or achieve the effect it used to? (I.e. more
alcohol is needed to get drunk)
2. Withdrawal
- Do you suffer from characteristic withdrawal
symptoms?
(e.g., shakes / sweats)
- Do you use the same substance (or one
closely related to it) to avoid or relieve
withdrawal symptoms?
(i.e. "Hair of the dog")
3. Have you drank / used the substance in
larger amounts or over a longer period than
you intended to?
7
Substance dependence from DSM V
4. Have you wanted to cut down or stop for
long time now or tried to do so unsuccessfully
several times?
5. Time Commitment
- Do you spend a lot of your time using the
substance (drinking) or recovering from its
effects?
- Do you spend a lot of time in activities trying
to obtain the substance?
6. Have you given up or reduced important
social, occupational or recreational activities
because of your drinking / substance use?
7
7
7
Theobromine: Source
Theophylline: Source
Xanthines
8
EXAM 2
9
British system of opiate Tx
9
Conditioned immunosuppression
7. Have you continued to use the substance,
despite knowing that you have a persistent or
recurrent physical or psychological problem
that is likely to have been caused or made
worse by your alcohol or substance use?
Chocolate
Tea
Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline
EXAM in Session 8. Study all terms and
concepts from sessions 5-7.
1. Seen as a medical condition
2. Ps receive prescription to get opiates legally
3. Minimizes criminal activity to get $ for heroin
1. Stimuli correlated with US that elicits
9
Conditioned withdrawals
9
Dextromethorphan
9
Drugs as negative reinforcers
9
Drugs as positive reinforcers
9
Drugs: CS effects
9
Drugs: Motivational operations
9
Drugs: SDs
9
Drugs: US effects
9
Endorphins
9
LAAM
9
Matching equation
9
Matching equation: 2 ways to
decrease R1
immunosuppression will come to elicit
immunosuppression on their own.
2. Experiment:
Saccharin + cyclophosphamide --->
immunosuppression. Then saccharin alone --> immunosuppression
1. Stimuli correlated with drug withdrawal will
come to elicit w/d on their own.
2. Experiment: Light + nalorphine --->
withdrawal to light
1. Synthetic, opiate-like drug that is in cough
meds (Robitussin)
2. Binds with PCP receptor
Drugs that when terminated, will increase
behavior.
Example: LSD in some people
Drugs that when presented, will increase
behavior. Examples: Nicotine, alcohol,
morphine
1. Cigarettes correlated with LSD ---> CRs that
resemble hallucinations
1. Cannibis can increase value of food
2. Amphetamines can increase the value of
social stimuli and reduce the value of food
1. Drugs correlated with the availability of reinf
for behavior - Example: in the presence of
alcohol, off-color jokes are more likely to be
reinforced. Thus, such joke telling tends to
happen at the bar when participants are
drinking.
2. Also, drug discrimination studies
1. Ipecac ---> vomiting
2. PTZ ---> seizures
3. Tripelennamine + Talwin (pentazocine) --->
kills more rats in group housing than
individually
1. Short for "endogenous morphine-like"
substances
2. NTs released in body to counteract pain
3. In addition to pain relief, they also produce
some euphoria
Longer acting opiate Tx maintenance drug
(lasts 3 days)
Equation that expresses a fundamental
functional relation: the rate of response will be
sensitive to the rate of reinforcement for that
response as well as the rate of reinforcement
for other responses
Equation:
R1
=
r1
---------------------------R1 + R2
r1 + r2
1. Decrease the rate of reinforcement for R1
and/or
2. Increase the rate of reinforcement for R2
9
Methadone maintenance
9
Mixed antagonist/agonist
9
Opiate antagonists as Tx
9
Opiates: Administration and
absorption
Opiates: Biotransformation
9
Opiates: Distribution
9
Opiates: Effects on body and
physiology
9
9
Opiates: Effects on performance
Opiates: Excretion
9
Opiates: Health risks
9
Opiates: Manufacture process
9
Opiates: Mechanism of action
9
9
Opiates: Natural source
Opiates: Synthetics
9
Opiates: T 1/2
9
Opiates: Tolerance
9
Opiates: W/D
9
methadone maintenance, and how it works
1. Can be taken orally
2. Prevents w/d
3. Prevents high from heroin
A drug that will occupy a receptor, block it, but
have some weak effects.
Example: Nalorphine – will occupy opiate mu
receptor with strong affinity, but has only weak
effect
1. De-tox first, as these drugs will induce w/d
2. Then give antagonist to block reinforcing
effects
3. Advantage over methadone: No need to
keep person in physically dependent state
1. Oral, but most often IV or IM
2. Intranasal w/heroin
1. Liver: 90% metabolized - rest is excreted
1. Most in lungs, liver, spleen, and much is
bound to blood proteins
2. Some goes to pain sensation area of brain
3. Heroin molecule has no action, but
metabolites do
1. Respiration decrease
2. Nausea, but also suppresses vomiting
center
3. PP pupils
4. Decrease in BP
5. Constipation
6. Disrupts sleep
7. Euphoria
Little on cognitive, but some on motor skills
1. Kidney
1. Death from overdose
2. Constipation
3. Decrease in body’s ability to repair DNA
molecules
4. W/D can harm fetus
Poppy ---> opium in sap ---> morphine +
codeine are active ingredients ---> heroin
made from morphine
Attach and activate opiate receptors in spinal
cord and brain
Poppy plant
Demerol, methadone, Talwin
morphine = 2 hrs
codeine = 3-6 hrs
1. Some effects, such as constipation, do not
decrease
2. Others, such as analgesia and positive
reinforcement effects, decrease rapidly
1. Increase in resp
2. Diarrhea
3. Increase in BP
4. Flu-like symptoms
9
Patient compliance with medication
administration
9
Polydipsia
9
Progressive Ratio
9
Progressive ratio break point
9
SIB: Endorphin theory
9
SIB: Endorphin theory Tx
9
Siegel theory of morphine tolerance
9
State dependent learning
9
State dependent learning:
experiment
9
Stimulus that functions as a negative
reinforcer and punisher
10
Anterograde amnesia
10
Antipsychotics: Abuse potential
Antipsychotics: Administration and
absorption
Anti-psychotics: Atypical
10
10
5. Depression
1. Contingency management
2. Escape extinction
Excessive drinking - generated by schedules of
food delivery. Rats under a FT 1 min schedule
will drink up to 4-5 times their body weight in
water.
Ratio Schedule in which the ratio size gradually
increases over time. This schedule is
sometimes used to assess reinforcer
effectiveness. To do so, the "break point" is
identified.
In a PR schedule, the break point is the last
ratio size completed before the organism stops
responding. In reinforcer assessments, the
higher the break point, the more effective is the
reinforcer.
SIB is maintained by release of endorphins,
which mimic the effects of opiates (pain relief
and euphoria).
1. SIB is maintained by release of endorphins,
which mimic the effects of opiates (pain relief
and euphoria).
2. Give an opiate antagonist (Trexan) to block
the effects of endorphins.
CS + US ---> UR then
CS ---> CR
CS are drug administration stimuli (e.g.,
injecting in bathroom)
US is drug
UR is effect of drug
CR is opposite effect of drug and cancels out
UR. This is a form of tolerance
1. Behaviors learned under drug will be best
performed under the influence of drug
1. Ss learn task under influence of cannabis
(D)
2. Ss learn task with placebo (P)
3. Test under influence or not under influence
4. Results:
1. Learn (P) Test (P)
2. Learn (D) Test (D)
3. Learn (D) Test (P)
4. Learn (P) Test (D)
1. Subjects respond to terminate the stimulus
(e.g., drug effect)
2. Subjects behavior decreases in rate when
stimulus is presented contingently.
Loss of memory after an event (e.g., injestion
of drug)
None
Administration: oral and IM
Absorption – GI
Atypical – fewer side effects and treats
10
10
Antipsychotics: Biotransformation
Antipsychotics: Distribution
10
Antipsychotics: Effects on body
10
Antipsychotics: Effects on
reproductory system
10
10
10
Antipsychotics: Effects on sleep
Antipsychotics: Effects on SMA
Antipsychotics: Excretion
10
Antipsychotics: How discovered
10
Antipsychotics: NT
10
Antipsychotics: Other uses
10
Antipsychotics: State dependent
learning?
10
Antipsychotics: Subjective effects
10
Antipsychotics: T 1/2
10
Antipsychotics: TI
10
Antipsychotics: Tolerance
10
Anti-psychotics: Typical
10
Antipsychotics: W/D
10
Anxiolytics
10
Anxiolytics: Administration/absorption
10
Anxiolytics: Biotransformation
10
Anxiolytics: Distribution
10
Anxiolytics: Effect of alcohol
10
Anxiolytics: Excretion
negative symptoms of flat affect and
diminished speech
Almost all is metabolized - liver
Entire body; stays in fat cells
1. Parkinsons & TD
2. Problems in regulating temp
3. Anticholinergic (dry mouth, impaired vision,
constipation)
1. Impairment of ejaculatory function
2. Disruption of menstrual cycles
3. Infertility
None
At high doses, Ss are immobilized.
Kidneys
1. Laborit was looking for a pre-op drug for
calming and to prevent surgical shock
2. Thorazine was an antihistamine with too
much sedation for this use. Tried it and it
worked!
Dopamine blocker
1. Anti-emetics
2. Tx for Huntington Chorea
3. Tourettes
4. DTs
5. Psychosis from LSD
Yes. Concerns about learning skills in therapy,
only to have the drug dc/d and then person
may have to re-learn skills.
In healthy people, tiredness, internal arousal
but external sedation. Not pleasant.
T 1/2 = 11-58 hours
100 and in some cases 1000. Minimal risk of
OD.
No - only to sedation.
Typical – tend to cause neuroleptic effects and
treats positive symptoms of psychosis –
hallucinations and delusions; grandeur;
paranoia
Not much. Drug resides in fat cells and is
slowly released when drug is discontinued.
Decrease anxiety and longer acting
1. IV for fast acting; oral for long lasting
2. Absorption – digestive tract; can be
increased by alcohol ---> danger
1. Metabolism – in liver and produces active
metabolites
To brain quickly (lipid soluble); quickly goes to
fat deposits, so levels drop
1. Alcohol will slow metabolism of benzos and
T 1/2 can be doubled
1. 2 phases – fast drop in #1 as drug is
distributed to fat cells T ½ = 2-10 hours;
2. Then 2nd phase that is slower (T ½ = 27-48
hours)
10
10
Anxiolytics: Kinds
Atypical antipsychotics: Affinity
10
Atypical antipsychotics: Why they
have fewer motor side effects
10
Benzodiazepine endogeneous
receptors
10
Benzodiazepine: Effects on body
10
Benzodiazepines
10
Benzodiazepines in elderly: T 1/2
10
Benzodiazepines: Effects on memory
10
Benzodiazepines: Effects on
performance
10
10
Benzodiazepines: High dose
withdrawal
Benzodiazepines: Low dose
withdrawal
10
EPS
10
EPS: Akathesia
10
EPS: Dystonia
10
EPS: Neuroleptic malignant
syndrome
10
EPS: Parkisonian symptoms
10
EPS: Tardive dyskinesia
10
GABA ionophore
10
GABA ionophore: Barbituate effects
10
GABA ionophore: Benzodiazepine
Valium, Librium, Ativan, Xanax
Affinity for D3, D4 receptors
1. Affinity for D3, D4 receptors
2. Nigrostriatal system (motor system) has
preponderance of D1, D2 receptors
1. Body has endogenous benzo receptors
2. Why? Body’s natural regulation of stress
and anxiety
1. Increase sleep but no effect on BP/HR
2. Benzos used to reduce tremors and
spasticity
3. Tx of seizures
4. Muscle relaxation
A chemical class of drugs some of which can
be anxiolytics, others are sedative-hypnotics.
T ½ can be 7-10 days - thus, drug may stay in
system for weeks.
1. Decrease memory
2. Rohypnol will produce anterograde amnesia
1. Decrease arousal, activity, vigor
2. Increase in euphoria and liking
3. Driving impairment
4. Might improve performance if anxiety is
interfering
Agitation, delirium, seizures
No sleep, anxiety, panic, spasms
1. Extrapyramidal symptoms
2. Can be produced by antipsychotics. There
are a host of motor disturbances that can
occur.
Jittery and restless movements, akathisia
literally means 'can't sit down'
Sustained muscle contraction, contorting and
twisting movements. Spasms are often painful
and distressing and can be frightening
High fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure,
stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic
dysfunction.
1. Muscle rigidity, tremor, fixed facial
expressions and speak slow manner with a
monotonous tone.
2. Associated with low dopamine levels caused
by antipsychotics that block D receptors.
Abnormal facial movements, smacking lips,
chewing, sucking, twisting the tongue
GABA is inhibitory. Thus, activating GABA will
make neuron less likely to fire. Actually, CL
channels are opened and CL flows more freely.
1. Directly facilitate GABA effects at low doses
2. But at high doses, they directly open the CL
channel – thus death can occur
Directly facilitate GABA effects on channel
effects
10
Iatrogenic
10
Mesolimbic system
10
Mesolimbic system: kinds of D
receptors
10
Neuroleptics
10
Nigrostriatal system
10
Nigrostriatal system: kinds of D
receptors
10
Parkinson's cause
10
Parkinson's Tx
10
Pychosis: 2 kinds
10
Rohypnol: Effects
10
Rohypnol: Social problem
10
Rohypnol: w/d
10
Sedative-hypnotics
10
Sedative-hypnotics: Kinds
10
Status epilepticus
10
Tolerance to benzodiazepines: Acute
10
Tolerance to benzodiazepines:
Chronic
10
Tolerance to benzodiazepines: Cross
tolerance
10
10
Typical antipsychotics: Affinity
Z drugs
(facilitates binding of GABA) – upper limit on
effects
1. Iatros means physician in Greek, and -genic,
meaning induced by Dr
2. Can refer to TD, as it is induced by Tx for
psychosis.
Dopamine system involved in reinforcement
and motivation system (involved in antipsychotic effects)
D1, D2, D3, D4
Antipsychotics: Means “clasping of neurons”
that refers to their side effects
Dopamine system involved in movement. This
system mediates the movement disorders
produced by many antipsychotics.
Mostly D1, D2 - few D3, D4
Parkinsons is caused by a reduction in
dopamine activity.
Drugs are givenmeds to increase dopamine
activity. Or, in some cases deep brain
stimulation is given.
1. Schizophrenia
2. Bipolar
Relaxation, sleepy, amnesia, confusion,
tremors, inability to move
Given it causes amnesia, it is used as a date
rape drug. It is not marketed or made legally in
U.S.
Headache, muscle pain, extreme anxiety,
tension, restlessness, confusion, and irritability.
May also involve seizures, delirium.
Sleep aids and sedatives; fast acting, but
short-lived
Halcion, Restoril
An ongoing seizure that does not stop in the
usual period of time. Benzodiazepines (e.g.,
Valium) can be used in Tx
Decrease in effects of drug after a single
administration. This happens with
benzodiazepines and tends to occur with
cognitive tasks.
Decrease in effects of drug after several
administrations. This happens with
benzodiazepines, and involves decrease in the
ability to facilitate GABA.
Decrease in the effects of one drug as a result
of chronic administration of another drug.
Example: becoming tolerant to the
benzodiazepines will result in tolerance to
alcohol.
Affinity for D2 receptors
Newer sleep aids (e.g., Ambien) that have
11
Antidepressants: 1st generation
11
Antidepressants: 2nd generation
11
Antidepressants: Abuse potential
11
Antidepressants:
Administration/absorption
11
Antidepressants: Biotransformation
11
Antidepressants: Distribution
11
Antidepressants: Excretion
Antidepressants: Relative efficacy of
1st and 2nd generation
11
11
Antidepressants: Subjective effects
11
Antidepressants: T 1/2
11
11
Antidepressants: Tolerance
Antidepressants: W/D
11
Antidepressants: Why they take 2
weeks to act
11
Behavioral tolerance example
11
Bipolar disorder
11
Depression: Characteristics
11
Depression: Current NT theory
11
Depression: Different explanations
short T 1/2. They bind to the same receptors
as benzodiazepines, but are not chemically
similar.
MAOIs (Parnate) and TCA (Tofranil, Elavil)
SSRIs (Prozac, Luvox, Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa)
and other reuptake inhibitors, agonists,
antagonists (Desyrel, Wellbutrin/Zyban,
Depakote, lithium carbonate)
None
1. Administration: oral
2. Absorption – GI track; but large portion is
destroyed in GI and liver before it reaches
bloodstream (1st pass metabolism)
Liver & GI destroys it in 1st pass metabolism
Lungs, kidneys, liver, breast milk, and brain –
easily crosses blood-brain barrier
Kidneys
Efficacy is the same, but 2nd has fewer side
effects
1. No euphoria or pleasant effects
2. Tired, apathetic
3. Impaired concentration
1. MAO = 3 hours
2. TCA = 24 hours
3. SSRIs = 15-20 hours (Prozac 6 days!)
Yes to side effects
Restlessness, anxiety, chills
There are autoreceptors in the presynapse that
detect excessive amounts of SE. When they
do, inhibits release of SE. But, in about 2
weeks the autoreceptors habituate to presence
of excessive SE
1. Behavioral group received ethanol, and then
learned a maze
2. Physio group learned maze and received
alcohol after session
3. Both tested with alcohol, and physio group
was highly disrupted
1. Alternating periods of mania and depression
that last days, weeks, or months
2. Very extreme such that everyday functioning
is disrupted
1. Depressed mood most of the day
2. Decreased pleasure in all, or most of all,
activities (anhedonia)
3. Large weight loss or gain
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Fatigue or loss of energy every day
6. Clinically significant stress or impairment of
areas of functioning
7. Not related to acute events
Depression is more closely linked to reduced
SE
1. NT based
11
Depression: Monoamine theory
11
Drug effect that depends on the
antecedent stimulus
11
Drug effect that depends on the
consequence
11
Fate of a drug
11
Hughes et al. study of the effects of
rules on choice
11
MAIO discovery
11
Mania
11
MAO side effects
11
MAOI mechanism
11
Mood stabilizers
11
Pharmacological variables that
influence drug effects
11
Physical characteristics that influence
drug effects
11
Rate constancy
2. Decrease in reinforcement rates
3. Learned helplessness
4. Att-seeking
Depression is a result of reduced levels of the
monoamine systems (serotonin, NE, DA)
Visual discriminations not easily disrupted in
pigeons, but control by proprioceptive stimuli is
(FCN studies)
Amphetamine will decrease food maintained
behavior, but will increase behavior maintained
by social stimuli.
4 stages: Administration/absorption,
distribution, biotransformation, excretion
#1 – Ss told that they would receive either
nicotine gum or placebo gum. Picked nicotine.
(during a period of abstinence)
#2 – Ss told that they would get a marketed
gum or a different gum without side effects
(actually was placebo) – no difference in
preference.
#3 - Ss told that they would get a marketed
gum or a different gum with more side effects
(actually was placebo) – no difference in
preference.
Used for Tx of tuberculosis. But Ps reported it
relieved depression and made them feel better
1. Excessive elation, hyperactivity, little sleep,
reckless behavior, talkative
2. Impairment in functioning
3. Not related to drug use
4. Lasts at least a week
1. Lowering of BP, orthostatic hypotension
2. Potentiate alcohol
3. MAOIs can inhibit digestion of tyrosine (aged
cheese, wine, beer, chocolate) – builds up in
body and can cause high BP, headaches,
stroke
Block MAOxidase, which destroys
monoamines (NE, DA, SE) – thus, the MA will
increase
1. Lithium (stabilizes membrane),
2. Anticonvulsants (increase GABA or blocks
NA channels)
1. Dose, form, route
2. Time of administration
3. Previous exposure to drug
4. Concurrent exposure to other drugs
1. Species
2. Genetics
3. Age, gender
4. Somatotype
5. Disease,
6. Blood flow
Drugs that decrease variability
Behavioral tolerance to a drug effect will
develop when behavior has a lowered rate of
reinforcement because of the drug effect
1. Drugs that produce hand tremors will be
more disruptive for a surgeon
2. TD will disrupt a vocalist
An accidental discovery that is fortunate
1. Acute increase in SE
2. Disorientation, agitation, confusion, fever,
EPS
3. Tends to occur when >1 AD is prescribed, or
when switched from one (with long T ½) to
another
SSRIs – block re-absorption of SE; some
newer ones are agonists at the SE receptor
Serotonin syndrome
Nausea, headache, insomnia, weight loss
TCA – Prevent re-absorption of MA
Can cause heart problems
1. Experimenters were researching antipsychotics.
2. Found drugs that did not improve
schizophrenic patients, but did improve the
mood of depressed Ps.
1. Active ingredient in Zyban
2. Antidepressant
EXAM in Session 12. Study all terms and
concepts from sessions 9-11.
A class of effects characterized by little activity
or effort. Presumably, there are few reinforcers
to maintain behavior
1. They are often used.
2. Some get benefit, some do not.
3. Side effects are a problem.
1. Naltrexone blocks reinforcing effect of
opiates
2. AO - Amphetamines decrease value of food
as a reinforcer
3. US - Morphine --> HR decrease
11
Reinforcement loss hypothesis
11
Response form that is related to drug
effects
11
Serendipity
11
Serotonin syndrome
11
SSRI mechanism
11
11
11
11
SSRI risk
SSRI side effects
TCA mechanism
Tricyclic risk
11
Tricyclics history
11
Wellbutrin
12
EXAM 3
13
Amotivational syndrome
13
Antipsychotics with MR
13
Behavioral mechanisms of drugs:
Examples
13
Central tendency: if there are outlier
data, what measure if best
Medians - means are distorted
13
Correlational drug study
1. Take people with drug and those without
drug (no random assignment)
2. Assign to Drug and P group based on
whether they are taking drug
3. Compare behavior (# aggressions in each
group)
4. Conclusions are very tentative
13
Difference between typical and
atypical anti-psychotics
High affinity for D1 receptor
Drug evaluation: 4 essential features
1. DV
2. IV: Meds given according to protocol
3. Design
4. Data analysis must be adequate
13
13
Ecstasy: Effects
13
Ecstasy: Health risks
13
13
Ecstasy: High dose effects on SE
Ecstasy: NTs
13
Experimental drug study (between
subject)
13
Factors that influence the type of
design that is ultimately used
13
GHB
13
GHB: Effects
13
GHB: Lethality
13
GHB: Medicinal uses
13
Hallucinogens: Effects
13
13
Hallucinogens: Lethality risk
Hallucinogens: NTs
13
Hallucinogens: Perceptual effects
13
13
Hallucinogens: Tolerance
Hallucinogens: W/D
13
Hashish: Source
13
13
LSD: Genetic damage
LSD: Source
13
LSD: Teratogenic effects
13
Marijuana: Administration/absorption
13
Marijuana: Amotivational syndrome
13
Marijuana: Biotransformation
13
Marijuana: Cancer risk?
13
Marijuana: Distribution
13
Marijuana: Effects on body
1. Euphoria
2. Talkative
3. EO for many reinforcers - esp social
interaction
1. Heart, liver damage
2. Hyponatremia - abnormally low blood
sodium levels from drinking excessive water
Deplete serotonin: depression, anxiety, fatigue
NE, D, Serotonin
1. Get volunteers
2. Randomly assign to one of two groups
3. Give drug to Tx group
4. Compare behavior
5. Conclusions are much stronger than in
correlational study
1. Single vs repeated observations
2. Between vs within
3. Stats vs visual inspection
1. Has been a "date rape" drug
2. Rave drug
1. Increased energy
2. Happiness, talking, desire to socialize,
3. Feeling affectionate
4. Mild disinhibition
Yes. Overdose will result in loss of muscle
control, loss of consciousness, death
Narcolepsy
1. Hallucinations
2. Dilation of pupils
None
Serotonin is affected
1. Hallucinations
2. Distortion of time
Yes - rapid
None
1. Processed from dried resin of female
marijuana plant
None
Synthetic
Probably not. But mother should not take this
drug during pregnancy.
1. Smoked - absorbed in lungs
2. Oral - absorbed in GI
1. No evidence that this occurs
2. Some studies show that the aversive effects
of work requirements decreases
1. Liver and even lungs
2. Some metabolites are active
1. There is 50-70% more carcinogenic material
2. It may potentiate cigarette smoke
1. Lipid soluble, so all over body
2. Tends to collect in the lungs, liver, intestines
1. Dilation of vessels,
2. EO for food
13
Marijuana: Effects on brain structure
or "intellectual" functioning
13
Marijuana: Effects on short term
memory
13
Marijuana: Excretion
13
Marijuana: Medicinal uses
13
Marijuana: Perceptual effects
13
Marijuana: Receptors
13
Marijuana: Relation to mental illness
13
Marijuana: Source
13
Marijuana: W/D
13
Marijuana: Korsakoff relation
13
Marijuana: Tolerance
13
Matching psychiatric diagnosis and
medication: Examples
Mescaline: Source
13
PCP: Effects
13
PCP: Source
13
PCP: Uses
13
Psylocibin: Source
Reinforcer assessment: single
access vs choice procedures
13
13
13
Safeguards in prescribing drugs to
special populations
13
Sensitivity of dependent variable
13
Short term memory Behavioral
interpretation
3. Dry mouth
4. Increase in HR
1. Rats – yes
2. Monkeys – no
3. Humans – no. But might be problems in
memory and attention
Disrupts short term memory
1. Biphasic T 1/2: initial decrease of blood
levels of 30 minutes then slower rate of
decrease for 20-30 hours
1. Decrease in intraocular pressure,
2. Anti-emetic - used by some chemotherapy
patients
3. Movement disorder
4. Decrease spasticity
5. Analgesia
1. Can disrupt time discrimination
2. Decrease pain
1. CB1 receptor in the CNS
2. CB2 receptor in spleen and immune system
1. Will not produce psychosis
2. Will increase the intensity of schizophrenic
symptoms or paranoid symptoms
1. Marijuana plant
1. Increase in anxiety, restlessness, irritability
2. AO for food
1. Korsakoff’s is seen in alcoholics and
involves memory problem and disorientation.
2. Caused by damage to hippocampus, which
has CB receptors
1. Non-humans – yes
2. Humans – claims of sensitization
1. Antidepressant given for depression
2. Antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Peyote buttons
1. Trancelike state
2. Disorientation
3. Anxiety and some psychosis
1. Synthetic
1. Originally an anesthetic and analgesic but
taken off market as it produces psychosis
Mushrooms
1. Choice is a more sensitive procedure than
single access (see Kelly et al.)
1. Goals are clear with specific targets and in P
interests
2. Tx decisions made on basis of drug effects
3. Flexible and integrated with beh Tx
A DV is sensitive to the extent that changes in
behavior, even small ones, will be reflected in
the DV.
Stimulus control across brief periods of time
13
Steady state
13
Teratogen
13
Transition state
14
AdrenoCorticosteroid hormones:
Role in body
14
AdrenoCorticosteroid hormones: Tx
uses
14
AdrenoCorticosteroid hormones: w/d
14
AdrenoCorticosteroid hormones:
Where produced
14
14
14
Anabolic effects of steroids
Androgenic effects of steroids
Cholesterol
14
Cholesterol: Source and use
14
Conditioned withdrawal
14
Drug abuse: Behavioral model
14
Drug abuse: Disease model
14
Drug abuse: Explanation models
14
Drug abuse: Prohibitionist
14
Estrogen and Progesterone: Role
14
Estrogen and Progesterone: Source
14
Place conditioning
14
Priming with drug administrations
When data show no trend according to some
criterion (e.g., no visible trend over 5 sessions)
1. Drug that harms a developing fetus
When there is a trend in the data, and there is
presumably an ongoing behavioral process
that is changing the strength of the behavior.
Transition states occur between steady states.
Controls many body processes such as
carbohydrate and protein metabolism,
electrolyte and water balance, and the
functions of the cardiovascular system, the
skeletal muscle, the kidneys, and other organs
1. Creams to control rashes, itching, etc
2. Anti-inflammatory drugs – used to weaken
immune responses in arthritis, lupus, asthma,
etc
1. Joint & muscle pain
2. Nausea
3. Fever
1. Hormones produced by the adrenal gland
(adjacent to renal gland)
2. Produced synthetically
Building muscles
Developing male sex characteristics
Metabolic precursor to all steroid hormones
1. Synthesized in body and from food
2. Used in many bodily processes
CR elicited by stimuli associated with drug
taking environments, and w/d is produced
1. Drug taking is explained by appealing to
contingencies: a. Reinforcing effects of drug
b. Escape from withdrawal symptoms
c. Social contingencies
1. Drug taking is a disease
2. Treatment is prescribed instead of
punishment
1. Prohibitionist
2. Disease
3. Behavior analytic
1. Drug taking is sinful
2. Punishment is recommended
1. Responsible for the development of
secondary sexual characteristics in women and
maintain the female reproductive system.
2. Active ingredients in prescription birth
control tablets
1. Female sex hormones made from
testosterone in ovary
1. Drug given in 1 place, placebo in another
2. Results: S spends time in former if drug is a
positive reinforcer
1. Responding that was maintained by drug is
extinguished
2. Then, giving noncontingent drug
14
Reinforcer assessment of drugs: 3
methods
14
Seizures: Drug Tx
14
Seizures: First Aid
14
Seizures: Generalized
14
Seizures: Generalized (Absence)
14
Seizures: Generalized (Atonic)
14
Seizures: Generalized (Myoclonic)
14
Seizures: Generalized (tonic clonic)
14
Seizures: Ketogenic diet
14
Seizures: Partial (complex)
14
Seizures: Partial (simple)
14
Seizures: Surgery
14
Seizures: Vagus nerve stimulator
administrations will result in the re-appearance
of responding
1. Rate of response under schedules of
reinforcement (e.g., Mult)
2. PR value – breaking point
3. Choice – Conc schedule
1. Barbiturates
2. Benzodiazepines (Klonopin)
3. GABA - Neurontin/Lyrica
4. Hydantoins (Dilantin)
5. Succinimides (Ethosuximide)
6. Misc (Tegretol, Depakote)
1. No CPR!
2. Protect head
3. Call 911 if still seizing for 5 minutes
4. Roll on side after seizure to prevent
aspiration of fluids
5. Observe after seizure and be supportive
1. Affect both cerebral hemispheres from onset
2. Loss of consciousness
1. Affects both cerebral hemispheres
2. Lapses of awareness, sometimes with
staring, that begin and end abruptly, lasting
only a few seconds.
1. Head drops, loss of posture, or sudden
collapse
1. Rapid, brief contractions of bodily muscles,
which usually occur at the same time on both
sides of the body. 2. Occasionally, they involve
one arm or a foot
1. Tonic phase: stiffening of limbs with
impaired breathing
2. Clonic phase: jerking of the limbs and face
with return of normal breathing
1. Extreme high fat and low-carb diet
2. Body goes into ketosis and then burns fat
3. Why this works is unknown
1. Only part of brain affected
2. Consciousness is altered during the event
3. Automatisms: Walking in a circle, sitting and
standing, or smacking their lips together.
4. Unusual thoughts, such as the feeling of
déjà vu
1. Only part of brain affected
2. No change in consciousness occurs
3. Weakness, numbness, and unusual smells
or tastes
4. Twitching of the muscles or limbs
Surgical resection of epileptogenic areas of the
brain in difficult cases
1. Apply electrical stimulation to vagus nerve -> brain
2. Applies stimulation at regular intervals
3. Magnet passed over VNS will provide extra
dose if seizure is about to occur or already is
14
Seizures: Partial
14
14
Sex-related steriods
Steriods
14
Substance abuse
14
Substance dependence
14
Substance dependence/abuse:
Treatment options
14
Substance dependence/abuse: Role
of impoverished environment
14
Synthetic Anabolic steroids - History
14
Synthetic Anabolic steroids: popular
uses
14
Synthetic Anabolic steroids: effects of
chronic use
14
Synthetic Anabolic steroids:
immediate signs of use
14
Synthetic Anabolic steroids: legitimate
uses
Testosterone: origin
14
Testosterone: role in body processes
14
Testosterone: Tx uses
14
1. Electrical disturbance is limited to a specific
area of one cerebral hemisphere
2. Can spread to cause a generalized seizure
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Greek for "hormone"
1. Drug taking results in roblems in school,
work, home; legal problems;
2. Symptoms have not met criteria for
substance dependence
1. Tolerance that results in taking larger doses
2. W/D
3. Social disruption or other problems
1. Antagonists/agonists
2. Antabuse – makes drinking alcohol
punishing
3. Contingency contracting – provide
reinforcers for clean urines
4. Vouchers – earned for clean urines
5. Behavioral assessment ---> Tx
Environments with little or no reinforcement
can lead to drug taking that provides higher
rates of reinforcement (see matching equation)
1. Greeks used high meat diets and animal
testicles before events
2. Testosterone first synthesized in the 1930s
3. Introduced in sports world in 1940s and
1950s
3. Russians won many weight lifting medals at
’52 Olympics
4. 1958 – anabolic steroids developed by Drug
Company in U.S
Increase muscle mass and bone mass for
athletics
1. Liver impairment
2. Heart disease
3. Strokes
4. Aggressive behavior
1. Quick weight and muscle gains (when used
in a weight training program)
2. Aggressiveness and combativeness
3. Jaundice
4. Purple or red spots on the body
5. Swelling of feet and lower legs
6. Trembling
7. Severe acne breakouts and oily skin
Muscle injury, body wasting in diseases such
as AIDS, delayed puberty, hypogonadism
Made from cholesterol in testes
Responsible for male secondary sexual
characteristics and maintains the male
reproductive system
1. Female breast cancer,
2. Stimulation of growth, weight gain, and red
blood cell production
14
Thompson and Pickens study
1. Used chronic indwelling catheter – can
provide immediacy of reinforcing effects of
drug
2. Cocaine given for responding on 1 lever, but
no contingencies on the 2nd lever.
3. Then, cocaine given under FT schedule
(within S yoking), and responding decreased.