US History Exam Review KEY
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What were supporters of the Constitution called? Federalists
A series of essays that defended the Constitution were
The Federalist Papers.
Federalism is the sharing of governmental power between a central
authority and the states or provinces that make up a country.
The system that prevents any branch of government from becoming
too powerful is defined as checks and balances.
People who permanently move to another country are called
immigrants.
What two presidents have been impeached? Bill Clinton and
Andrew Johnson
The branch responsible for enforcing the laws approved by
Congress is the executive branch .
What five freedoms are spelled out in the First Amendment?
Freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly, and petition.
What segment of society do these freedoms affect? These rights
affect virtually all Americans and all segments of society.
Strict construction, the federal government should do only what the
Constitution specifically says it can do, was supported by which
leader? Thomas Jefferson
The national debt is the amount of money owed by the United States
to various creditors, or lenders.
Who supported loose construction, meaning that the federal
government can take actions that the Constitution does not
specifically forbid? Alexander Hamilton
Why did Thomas Jefferson send Lewis and Clark to the Louisiana
Purchase? To learn about the West and find a river route to the
Pacific Ocean
Because their region had little industry and relied heavily on
imported goods, who opposed protective tariffs? southerners
Monroe Doctrine protected Latin American governments from
European powers.
The first American Indians to be removed to the Indian Territory
were the Choctaw from Mississippi.
What great threats to the republic did Washington name in his
Farewell Address? Washington believed the greatest threats to the
republic were public debt, dangerous foreign alliances, and political
divisions at home.
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Compare the Federalist Party with the Democratic-Republican
Party. The Federalist Party, which was most popular in New
England, wanted to strengthen the power of the federal government
and to promote industry and trade. The Democratic-Republican
Party, which was most popular in the South and along the western
frontier, wanted to limit the power of the federal government.
To convince business owners to listen to them, workers sometimes
staged strikes. Define strikes. Refusing to work until employers
meet union demands
The cotton belt extends from Virginia to Texas.
Former slaves who contributed to the antislavery cause were
Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Tubman
White northerners’ opposition to the abolition movement tended to
center on the belief that African Americans should not receive equal
treatment and that freed slaves would take jobs away from white
northerners.
Harriet Tubman was one of the leaders of the Underground
Railroad, a network of people who arranged transportation and
hiding places for fugitive slaves.
In what became known as the Freeport Doctrine, Stephen Douglas
upheld popular sovereignty over the power of the Supreme Court.
The first state to formally withdraw from the Union was South
Carolina.
The Fugitive Slave Act was a part of the Compromise of 1850.
After John Brown seized the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, he
hoped slaves in the region would join him, but none did.
When California applied for statehood, the majority of its residents
wanted California to enter the Union as a free state.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not prohibit
someone from taking slaves into a federal territory because slaves
were considered property.
Which presidential candidate opposed the spread of slavery but
promised not to support abolishing it where it already existed?
Abraham Lincoln
Dred Scott sued for his freedom, saying that he had become free
when he lived in a free territory.
After hearing Dred Scott’s petition for freedom, Taney ruled that as
a noncitizen, Scott did not have the right to file suit in federal court.
The first major clash of Union and Confederate armies took place in
July 1861 along a creek called Bull Run, near Manassas Junction,
Virginia.
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The Emancipation Proclamation was an order that called for all
slaves in areas rebelling against the Union to be freed.
In response to the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln called on state
governors to provide a total of 75,000 militiamen to help put down
the rebellion in the South.
In early 1864, Lincoln entrusted command of the Union army in the
East to Ulysses S. Grant.
Lee’s attempt to launch an offensive into Union territory ended in
defeat at Gettysburg.
The wartime Confederate capital was Richmond, Virginia.
Targeting military as well as civilian economic resources to destroy
an opponent’s ability and will to fight is total war.
Starving residents and Confederate soldiers resorted to eating
horses, dogs, and rats during the Siege of Vicksburg.
At the beginning of the war, the North’s advantages included a
greater number of factories.
Through cotton diplomacy, the South tried to win foreign support
especially from Great Britain.
The Union navy wanted to blockade the South for what reasons?
cut off Southern trade and hurt the economy
Among the South’s advantages at the beginning of the war were
skilled military leaders.
More than 3,000 women served the Union as paid nurses under the
leadership of Dorothea Dix.
American Indians who fought in the Battle of Pea Ridge hoped that
Confederate leaders would grant the American Indian nations
greater independence than the Union had.
The Union gained control of the Mississippi River with the
surrender of Pemberton’s forces to General Grant at Vicksburg.
For most of the war, the 180,000 African American soldiers who
fought with the Union received more or less pay than their white
counterparts. Less
Who wrote the powerful antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Who was the victor in the 1860 presidential race? Abraham Lincoln
What is the act of formally withdrawing from the Union? succession
Who was the general who developed the Union’s early war
strategy? Winfield Scott
Who earned the nickname “Stonewall” at the First Battle of Bull
Run? Thomas Jackson
The main purpose of Reconstruction was to reunite the country and
to build a southern society not based on slavery.
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Many white southerners referred to northern-born Republicans
who came South right after the war as carpetbaggers.
On January 31, 1865, at Lincoln’s urging, Congress proposed the
Thirteenth Amendment, which made slavery illegal throughout the
United States.
Under the Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteed citizenship and
equal protection under the law were not extended to American
Indians.