Imperialism and World War I
Test Date Wednesday February 3rd, 2016
Imperialism and World War I

Imperialism

Motives

Economic


Fueled by the Industrial Revolution
Financial Prosperity
 Raw Materials
 Cheap Labor
 New Markets
Imperialism and World War I

Imperialism

Motives

Military

Establishment of military presence throughout the world
 Alfred Mahan encouraged the US to build up the navy
1. Americans will seek adventures at sea, and must be
protected
2. War: keep enemies away from our coasts
Imperialism and World War I

Imperialism

Motives

Political

Competition & rivalry between other “stronger” nations
Imperialism and World War I

Imperialism

Motives

Humanitarian/Religious/Cultural

Belief of superiority
 Race, Government, Economy, Religion were better than
other societies
 Social Darwinism: most fit nations will survive in
competition with other nations/societies
Imperialism and World War I

Islands of Hawaii

Descendents of missionaries started sugar
plantations

Late 1800s wealthy planters dominated the islands

Which imperial motive?
Imperialism and World War I

Islands of Hawaii

1891: Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani wanted to limit
the power of planters in Hawaii

How did the American planters respond?
Imperialism and World War I

Islands of Hawaii

Led by Sanford B. Dole

Revolted & overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy

US later annexed the islands
 Addition of territory to an existing state
Imperialism and World War I
Imperialism and World War I

(Don’t Need this slide)
Spanish-American War

Spain: imperial power

Extended power in South America, Caribbean, & Pacific

Many indigenous revolted
Imperialism and World War I (Don’t Need this slide)

Spanish-American War

Spain: imperial power

Revolutions permitted independence

Late 1800s Spain’s imperial empire was collapsing
 Cuba, Puerto Rico, & the Philippines remained under
Spanish control
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

Revolts in Cuba


Cubans revolted many times
Always defeated

Thousands of Cubans killed by Spain in 1895
 Whose side of the conflict was the US on?
 Why?
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

Revolts in Cuba

Many Americans sympathized with Cubans


America underwent a revolution
Yellow Journalism
 What is Yellow Journalism?
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

Yellow Journalism

Sensational writers to attract readers

Exaggerated stories on Spanish cruelty
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

US goes to war

Despite American sympathy, President McKinley did not
want to go to war

Why do Spain and America go to war?
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

US goes to war

USS Maine


Battleship exploded in Cuban harbor
Spain blamed & the US went to war in April 1898
 Did Spain really attack the Maine?
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

US goes to war


No one knows the cause of the explosion
Today it is believed to be an accident
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

US goes to war

War broke out at Manila Bay in the Philippines

Filipino Rebels & the US (under command of George Dewey)
destroyed the Spanish fleet
 Filipinos also wanted their independence from Spain
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

US goes to war

The Caribbean, the Rough Riders destroyed Spanish fleets

Volunteer Cavalry
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

US goes to war



August 1898 (5 months) Spain was defeated
Secretary of State John Hay call it “a splendid little war”
Treaty of Paris

Meeting between Spain and US
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

Treaty of Paris


Philippines purchased by the US for $20 Million
Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba given up


None of these territories would be given their independence
Fueling the Anti-Imperialist/Expansionist debate
Imperialism and World War I

Spanish-American War

Cuba gained their independence


Platt Amendment permitted the US to control Cuba
Foraker Act authorized the president to appoint leaders in Puerto Rico

Puerto Ricans were taxed, but were not guaranteed the same rights
Imperialism and World War I

Filipino-American War

Allies during the War fighting against Spain

American imperialist desires vs. Filipino desires for freedom
U.S.-- 4,234 dead &2,818 wounded.
Philippines-- 20,000 military dead & 200,000 civilian dead. (approximate numbers).
Some historians place the numbers of civilian dead at 500,000 or higher.
1. In Our Image: America's Empire In
The Philippines. 1989, by Stanley
Karnow. pp. 75-195.
2. The Wars of America. 1981, by Robert
Leckie. pp. 563-574.
Imperialism and World War I

Panama Canal


Cut across Central America
Greatly reducing travel time for commercial and
military ships

Purchased from the French for $40 million in 1903

Aid in Panama gaining its independence from Colombia
Imperialism and World War I

Panama Canal

Established the US as the dominate power in the
Western Hemisphere

To reinforce this presence, Roosevelt delivered the Roosevelt
Corollary “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick”

US would use force to protect economic interests in Western
Hemisphere
World War One

MAIN Causes

Militarism

Development of larger military

Build up of armies & navies
The Literary Digest, New York: March
.
10, 1904, p. 393-430
World War One

MAIN Causes

Alliances

Country’s agreement to help another country


Tangled network of alliances bound European nations
Small conflict would become a great war
Imperialism and World War I

Imperialism

Extension of power by stronger nations over
weaker nations

Why would any country engage in imperialism?
World War One

MAIN Causes

Nationalism

Strong feelings of pride & loyalty towards one’s country or
nationality


European powers pursued own interests
Balkan states belief in self-determination

What is self determination?
World War One

MAIN Causes

Nationalism

Self-Determination

People united by a nationality should have their own
country
Blank Map of Europe
1914 Political Map of Europe
1914 Ethnolinguistic Map of Europe
World War One

Immediate Cause

Assassination of Austria-Hungary’s Archduke Franz
Ferdinand (1914)

Shot by Serbian (Gavrillo Princip) who supported eastern
Europe nationalities becoming their own nation


Which cause would this be?
What happened after this immediate cause of the war
World War One

Immediate Cause

Continent Goes to War


Serbia
Russia
France
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Britain
Ottoman Empire
World War One

WWI Trench Warfare

Network of ditches
dug for protection

“No Man’s Land”

Area in between
trenches (dangerous)
 How else would
WWI be different in
terms of battle?
World War One

WWI Trench Warfare

Use of:




Machine Guns
Poisonous Gas (Gas masks)
Airplanes
Tanks

Were not widely used
World War One

WWI Trench Warfare

Warfare technology resulted in 8.5 million soldier
deaths
World War One

What was America’s stance on the war in
Europe?
World War One

American Neutrality

Refusal to take sides in the war
 How/why did the US get involved in WWI?
World War One

American Neutrality


Great Britain set up a naval blockade to cut off Germany
Germany responded with U-boats
 Under water boats

Would sink any ship around Britain without warning
World War One

American Neutrality

U-boats sunk the British passenger liner the Lusitania
 Carried 128 Americans who were killed

Does this put the US in the war?
World War One

American Neutrality

No

Sussex Pledge

Wilson demanded Germans abandon submarine warfare

US stayed out of the war for a littler longer
World War One

American Neutrality

Zimmerman Telegraph


German officer (Aurthor Zimmerman) to German ambassador
in Mexico
Proposed an alliance between Germany & Mexico

Why?
World War One

American Neutrality

Zimmerman Telegraph


Mexico was in the middle of a revolution & Wilson
refused to recognize the new government
Germany promised to return the 500,000 square miles
lost in Mexican-American War

US declared war on Germany in April of 1917
 Was the US ready for war?
World War One

US War Mobilizations

Preparation for the war

Mobilization of the



Military
Economy
Public Support
World War One

US War Mobilizations

Military Mobilization

Selective Service Act




All males between 21 and 30 to register for military service
24 million registered
3 million were drafted
2 million saw active combat
World War One

US War Mobilizations

Economic Mobilization


War Industries Board
Cooperation between government & private business



Controlled materials
Factory production
Prices
World War One

US War Mobilizations

Economic Mobilization

Created work opportunities for women & African
Americans
World War One

US War Mobilizations

Mobilization of Public Support

Propaganda

Opinion expressed to influence others
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbggEGUaE28
World War One

US War Mobilizations

Mobilization of Public Support

Espionage Act


Fines and prison for antiwar activities
Sedition Act

Illegal to criticize the war
World War One

US War Mobilizations

American troops were supposed to bring a quick
end to the war
World War One

US War Mobilizations

American troops were supposed to bring a quick
end to the war
World War One

The End of the War

Russian Revolution

War led to food shortages & major problems in Russia
Revolutionaries overthrew Russian Empire: Czar
Nicholas II
 The Communist Bolsheviks gained control of Russia
 Vladimir Lenin negotiated a treaty with Germany &
pulled out of the war (March 1918)
 What effect would this have on the allies?

World War One

The End of the War

Russian Revolution

Treaty allowed Germany to concentrate all its forces in
the west
However, the Allied forced contained Germany
 Revolution broke out in Austro-Hungary
 Ottomans surrendered

World War One

The End of the War

Germany signed an armistice “at the 11th hour of
the 11th day of the 11th month” in 1918

Ceasefire ending the war
World War One

WWI Consequences

Dissolution of four empires:


Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian-Hungarian
9 new European countries were established
World War One

WWI Consequences

Peace meetings between Allied Powers

“Big Four”

US, Great Britain, France, Italy
 Germany was not invited
World War One

WWI Consequences

President Wilson proposed a “14 Point Plan”

Targeted the MAIN causes of WWI




Smaller militaries
End of secret alliances
Freedom of trade and seas
Changes in national boundaries
World War One

WWI Consequences

President Wilson proposed a “14 Point Plan”

Called for a “League of Nations”

Agreement to protect, respect, and peacefully settle
disputes
 Did Wilson’s 14 Point Plan pass?
World War One

WWI Consequences


Too lenient (easy) on Germany
Treaty of Versailles

Forced Germany to take blame for the war & pay $33
Billion in reparations


Payment for the destruction of the war
Stripped Germany of their military
World War One

Domestic Consequences

The inflated wartime economy returned to
normal



Soldiers returned looking for work
Wages decreased
Strikes broke out

Many believed this would lead to a communist revolution
World War One

Domestic Consequences

The Red Scare

Communism: equal or classless political structure

Capitalism would ultimately lead to a class struggle and
revolution