REDD-ALERT WP5:
Case studies in Cameroon
Innocent BAKAM
Macaulay Land Use Research Institute
Aberdeen, UK
Criteria for site selection
• Image availability: the villages should be included in the
area identified within WP1, where satellite images are
available and cloud free, such that an historical analysis of
deforestation is possible.
• Range of drivers: the villages should allow coverage of the
range of deforestation drivers in southern Cameroon:
agriculture, logging, market, infrastructures…
• Data availability: As far as possible, we should try to work
in villages where it is possible to benefit from data from
past or on-going projects, such as STCP
Image availability
Image availability
Image availability
Image availability
Gradient of deforestation
Range of drivers
Logging in Somalomo
near the Dja Reserve
Agriculture for subsistence
in Ekeke
Agriculture for Gabon and
Equatorial Guinea markets
in Meyo-Centre
The REDD-Camer model
•
•
Purpose: to study the
implications of REDD
policies at the local level
Agents:
– Land patches (to represent
land uses)
– Households (to make
decisions on land use)
– Local/national institutions (to
implement REDD policies)
•
•
Scenarios to be tested: REDD
policies at local level
Output: the 3Es
– effectiveness: emission
avoided
– efficiency: relative cost
– equity: how benefits are
shared
Social/institutional factors
Population
Land tenure
Social structure
Economic factors
Carbon prices
Opportunity costs
Agricultural practices
Coupled Human-Environment system
households
REDD effectiveness
Avoided deforestation
Balance of land uses
Balance of ecosystem services
Social equity
System resilience
Land
patches
The REDD-Camer model
• Agent-based model with PALM
• Following ASB-CamFlores model + development of household
decision making processes
• Land patches
– each land patch represents a field which supports a crop system
described by a specified transition (mixed food-fallow system, forest
melon fields, cocoa plantations)
– transitions follow basic rules of local farming systems,
– the actual timing of land use change is determined by households’
decisions.
– the forest area surrounding the village is represented by a special
land patch where farmers may convert portions to crop patches
(deforestation process), and which can also be extended with
abandoned old fallow patches (fallow to forest conversion).
The REDD-Camer model
•
Households make decision about:
–
–
–
•
selection of forest patch for conversion into agriculture
area associated to each land use
priorities for labour allocation to different tasks.
Decisions are influenced by a combination of factors:
– household basic needs (subsistence, cash requirement for education,
health, recreation)
– labour availability (household composition, possibility to hire or exchange
labour)
– crop productivity (soil fertility, fallow age, forest, previous crop)
– land availability (land tenure/access/usage rights, security of land
tenureship)
– spatial configuration (distance to farms, proximity with other farms, with
other households’ farms)
– access to market (possibility of selling farm products, availability of food on
the market)
– social norms (usual agricultural practices, peer pressure, attitude towards
innovation)
The REDD-Camer model
•
•
A household will be characterised by its composition (men, women,
children), its land ownership and usage rights, and the level of
importance it associates to each of these factors, building on the study
of personal preferences of farmers in land use decisions from Brown
(2006).
Local/national authority may adopt a set of policies in order to
influence farmers decisions and deliver the required level of avoided
deforestation.
INTERNATIONAL
RAC: reference
level crediting
Certification
National level
compensation
NATIONAL
Incentives: subsidies,
tax credits
Integrating climate
policies in broader
development policies
Resettlement
incentives
LOCAL
Funding fire
prevention
programs
Provide alternative
livelihood
opportunities
Use of idle land
Funded projects
CAT: cap and trade
Projects level
crediting
Taxes
Land rehabilitation
- incentives for
local government
PES (not only
carbon)
Information
instruments
(awareness
campaigns)
Implementing
strategic planning of
road improvements
Paying communities for reduced
deforestation or natural regeneration
Best practice
PAM: Compensation for
policies and measures
Set up protected
areas
Land tenure reform –
establishing and
enforcing clear property
rights
Stop illegal
logging
Tradable
permits
Suspend permits for
palm oil, plantations
or peatland
Voluntary agreements –
mainly between
government and
industry
Promoting offfarm
employment
Enhancement of
conservation activities
inside/outside
protected areas
Promote sustainable
forest management
practices
Forest fire hotspot
detection
Non deforestation law
Agricultural intensification –
alternatives for subsistence
agriculture – reduce pressure
on forests
Establishment of
new markets
Capacity building
Local groups lease tracts of forest from the
government, and sell C units according to the
amount of deforestation avoided
Community forest
management
Rehabilitation of
degraded forests
Development of market mechanisms and
instruments – carbon offset markets
Farm forestry
The REDD-Camer model
• Scenarios to be evaluated will include
– the current situation as a baseline (static, in absence of REDD)
– population increase leading to agricultural intensification and
changes in different land tenure types (dynamic, in absence of
REDD)
– REDD funding being used to accelerate intensification (e.g. fertiliser
subsidies)
– introduction of community forestry schemes, e.g. perhaps where
REDD benefits are allocated by a village representative (who can
allocate as little or as much as he wants, but must deliver avoided
deforestation or not receive money)
– differing carbon prices and opportunity costs. Also how uncertainty
in this prices may affect decision-making regarding land use
options.
– other policy instruments arising from WP4 (Task 5.7)
The REDD-Camer model
• Criteria for evaluation of each scenario in
comparison to the baselines will include the way that
REDD mechanisms may affect
– rates of (avoided) deforestation and associated GHG
emissions (effectiveness)
– the balance of land-uses and hence balance of ecosystem
services
– the relative cost per unit of emission avoided (efficiency)
– distribution of wealth, social equity (fairness, equity)
– the resilience or sustainability of the system (i.e. what
happens if REDD disappears).
Forest Melon Field
D. Brown
http://aem.cornell.edu/special_programs/afsnrm/brown/photos/ForestMelonFieldCameroon.jpg
Mixed food crop field
D Brown
http://aem.cornell.edu/special_programs/afsnrm/brown/photos/MixedFoodCropFieldCameroon.jpg
Primary forest
Mongabay
http://www.mongabay.com/images/brazil/deep_primary_forest_02.gif
Land-use transition (Brown 2006)
Land-use transition in Akok (Robiglio 2008)
Data requirements for REDD-Camer model
Draft questionnaire