India-Political
By the Freemasons
Kushan State
• Vast trade with Europe
• Use of monsoon winds to
facilitate trade with Europe
• Establishment of Roman colonies
along trade routes from Indian
Ocean and Mediterranean
• Exported cotton, ivory, indigo,
pepper, and textiles
Kushan State - Continued
• Spread of Buddhism
• Buddhist monasteries and stupas across trade
routes
• Fell to the Sassanids (Persians) and Gupta
Gupta
• Came into power 320 CE
• Dominant political force
in India
– Still fragmented
• Capital at Pataliputra
• Most powerful state in
India since the Mauryan
power
Gupta - continued
• Prosperity under Chandragupta II and
Samudragupta
– Greatly expanded empire to the height of
power
• Trade with China, Southeast Asia, and
Mediterranean
– controlled by government
• Coinage
– Coins from the Middle East led to banking
– Barter transactions (mainly)
Chandragupta II
Gupta – Golden Age
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Development of “Arabic” Numbers
The number zero
Decimals
Smallpox vaccine
Buddhist stupas
Plastic surgery
The Fall of the Guptas
• Hunas
– Nomadic warriors from the northwest
• India returns to small regional kindoms
– Competition with political fragmentation
• Further supported Islamic success in India
Cola Kingdom
• Located in the south eastern coast India
• Heartland of Cholas in the fertile valley of the
Kaveri River.
• The lasting legacy is literature and zeal of
building temples
Cola(Cholas) Kingdom
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Cholas kingdom dominated the SE
Asia trade in the 9th century trading
partners China, Addassids, Malayan
archipelago
Cholas spread Hinduism, and
Dravidian culture to SE Asia
Cholas kingdom on the Kaveri river
southern India
The kingdom Monarchy and local
government based of self-governing
unit. Village entity known as Kurram,
Kurram entity known as Valandu.
Justice local level crimes payed in
fines but crimes against the state
were heard by the king.
•A section to the empire of Asoka
which lasted after the empire fell
•Held off the Islamic invaders
from the Delhi sultanate.
•In 1010CE to 1200CE went on
Military campaigns
•In 13th century the Pandayas
steadily routed the Cholas in to
destruction
Delhi Sultanate
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Several Islamic Turkic and Afghan Dynasties
Muhammad Ghori who started a Ghorid
Dynasty in 1193CE consolidated his power
at Delhi
He appointed Turkish generals like Qutb
Aybak ruler of the region in India.
Mamluks ( slave dynasty ) where military
slaves.Ater Ghori's death Aybak took
control. The Dynasty known for
administration and centralized stability over
the region.
1221CE the Mongols launched military
campaigns were kept back out of India
Timur weakened Delhi in 1398CE
Mongol Empire broke up and for some year
the threat of the Mongols were weakened
Under the Lodi Dynasty Delhi Sultanate
revived
In 1526CE emperor of the
Mughal Babur conquered Delhi
Sultanate
Tamerlane
• Wanted to restore old
Mongol empire.
• Founder of Timurid empire
and dynasty.
• Militaristic
• Patron of the arts
• Muslim – destroys lots of the
Christian church in Asia
• Used propaganda
• CONQUERS GOLDEN
HORDE!!!!!!
Campaigns
• Attacked Persia
• Destroyed cities and
towns - brought chaos
• Golden Horde attacks
Timur
• Timur conquers the
Golden Horde
– Destroys capital
– Ruins Horde’s economy
Campaigns pt. 2
• Then turns his attention
to India
• Easily conquers the
Hindu Indians
– Sacks and burns cities
– Kills civilians and
prisoners
– Great strategy – uses
camels to scare elephants
Indian Economics
By: WHAP Warriors
Trade Routes
• Silk Road passed
through northern
India.
• Most trade regulated
by government
• Powerful caste
guilds monopolized
parts of trade.
Main exports were ivory, indigo,
textiles, precious stones, and
pepper
Samarkand
• Came under Muslim
rule in early 8th
century (previously
was capital of Persian
province)
• Important trade center
between China and
Mediterranean
• Contains mosques
dating from early 14th
century
Centrally located on the silk road which
allowed trade to flourish.
Government Owned Mines
• Vast crown lands
• Massive profits were
earned from their
commercial dealings
• Almost all of economy
was regulated
through government
Caste Guilds
• Trade dominated by
great caste guilds that
monopolized key
sectors of the
economy
• Leaders possessed
most wealth
• Acted as bankers
Fa Xian
• Chinese Buddhist
missionary
• Visited India in the MidGupta era
• Searched for Buddhist
documents
• Majority of current
knowledge of medieval
India comes from
Chinese missionaries
Other Facts
• Money economy in operation since 2nd
century B.C.E.
• Traded with China, SE Asia, and
Mediterranean
• Merchants were highly respected
• Copper coins and idea of banking were
developed
India- Religion and Art
Golden Horde
Theravada
Buddhism
Mahayana
Buddhism
vs.
Members of a homogeneous
community of faith and worship,
built on notion Buddha was
human being who taught by
example
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Belong to a wide variety of subcommunities
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Scriptures evolved in many
languages as the tradition moved
through Asia
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Main scriptures are the Pali
Canon
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Seek deliverance from rebirth by
eliminating craving and ignorance
through self discipline
Teachings universalized a number
of classical Buddhist concepts,
expanding religious options
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Buddha was a spiritual presence
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Teachings expanded further by
personifying wisdom as a feminine
principle
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Developed the concept of
“emptiness” or shunyata as a way
of emphasizing the futility of
clinging to anything at all
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The model of the enlightened life
is the arhat
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Nirvana is ultimate goal, believed
to be a permanent state of
knowledge, freedom and peace
as result of personal effort
Theravada
Buddhism
Mahayana
Buddhism
vs.
“Great vehicle”
“Wisdom of the Elders”
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Primary intent during praying is to
honor the Buddha more than to
worship him
All good acts can gain merit
toward eradication of negative
karma
Merit making and transfer are
more basic than the ethical
discipline embodied in an arhat
Some regional and cultural
variations in Theravada, but less
than in other main branches
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One Mahayana school is the Pure
Land communities
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Amitabha (a meditational Buddha)
rules the western paradise or the
Pure Land
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Chan lineages have been
influential also
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Soto school emphasizes quiet,
methodical meditation
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Rinzai school uses in addition the
mind-stopping device called the
koan to hasten the experience of
enlightenment
Spread of
Theravada
Spread of
Mahayana
25
Collapse of Buddhism
• Hinduism starts to have a
resurgence
• Undermined traditional
Hindu beliefs, and went
against caste system
• Declined, due to Muslim
invasions
Islam in India
• Muslim leaders were
tolerant of Hinduism and
Buddhism
• Many Hindu’s converted
to escape the caste
system
• Role of Hindu women
stayed the same (sati
was still practiced)
• Purdah- isolation of
Muslim women
Sikhism
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Founded by Guru Nanak in the 1500’s
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Gained popularity in northwestern India
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Tried to integrate Islam with Hinduism but created conflict
Became an alternative religion
Sikhism Beliefs
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Believe that God was the only true reality
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Don’t agree with caste system, sati, etc.
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Believe in equality for races and sexes
Art, Literature, &
Music
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Art
Buddhist temples and monasteries
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Built in caves
28 caves of Ajanta
Starting in the 8th century above ground
temples were built
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Art, Literature, &
Music
Literature
Large number of written works, both
secular, and religious
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Written in Sanskrit
Much of the religious works talked about
the lives and heroic acts by gods such
as Vishnu
Secular writing included poetry, drama,
and prose
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Art, Literature, &
Music
Music
The vibrations or nada had a spiritual
meaning
Based on a scale called raga
A good performer never performed a
particular raga the same way twice
Audience was concerned with the
performers creativity
SE Asia-Geography & Political
By Team Zeus
Geography
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Geography
– Very Mountainous due to
volcanoes in the area
– Indonesian Peninsula
– Many fertile river valleys
– Mountains had dense forests
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Climate
– Hot, humid, and tropical
– Plentiful rainfall
– Diverse animals
Origins of Settlement
• Biggest influences were
China and India
• The earliest settlements
were isolated from each
other because of the many
different islands
• Never unified under a
central government.
Influences
• China and India
were the main
influences
• India: Sanskrit
• China: Buddhism
Srivijaya
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Trading society in Indonesia
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Located on the eastern coast of
Sumatra
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Controlled much of the Indian
Ocean trade
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Used Sanskrit from India
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“Spice Islands”
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Controlled the Strait of Malacca
Srivijaya cont.
• By controlling the pirates of the area trade
became safer.
• Collapse occurred when Cola attacked in
1025
Angkor Wat
• built for the king Suryavarman II
• Hindu temple built for Vishnu
• Architecture was based on Mt. Meru
Islamic Malacca
• Founded in the 14th century by a Hindu prince-Parameswara
• He took the name Iskandar Shah after marring a princess
from modern day Indonesia and converting to Islam
• Malacca was ruled by a sultan who's man purpose was to
facilitate trade
• Due to its location it was prospers in trade and became a
center of Islamic missionaries
• Islam spread to areas of south east Asia because of Muslims
scholars from Malacca
• In 1511 the Portuguese came & turned Malacca into a colony
Mongol Conquest of SE Asia
• Mongol invasion of Vietnam – three times , ALL FAILED ,
1257,1284 & 1287 , General Tran Hung Vs. Kublai
Khan’s Mongol army
• Battle of Ngasaunggyan- 1277 Kublai Khan Vs.
Narathiapate of Pagan empire , Mongols won , first of
three battles ( Battle of Bhamo and Battle of Pagan)
• Mongols now controlled Pagan empire ( puppet
government)
• 1293 Java king refused to pay tribute, Mongols attacked
, ambushed by a surprise attack & were defeated
• 1294- Kublai Khan dies
Southeast Asian Economy- TRADE
• TRADE~ Channeled between two
straights: The Straight of Malacca
(between Sumatra and Malasia) and
The Sunda Sraight (between Sumatra
and Java)
• Contact with India and China = catalyst
for state development
• Location of routes gave rulers taxation
ability- could tax any ships passing
through straights…periods of decayarea for pirating
• from 1403-1433 Malacca
was a major center for
International Trade
•Portuguese conquered
Malacca in 1511
• dominated trade and were
major power in SE asia for
130years
Southeast Asian Economy
• Cultivated Specialized plants :
Bananas and Yams --These goods
were exported throughout Asia, the
Middle East and Africa
•Large rice farming Industry due to
Monsoons –developed wet-rice
farming methods
• Chinese Tributary— diplomatic ties
and trade agreements between China
and SE Asia
•Strong chinese influence throughout
region
•Brought about invasions
• traded tropical oils, resins, minerals,
gold, gems, plants for medicine
•Bronze and Iron working introduced to • Had local trade as long as world trade
region.
with India and China- Cultural
Diffusion
• in the early 8th century– Srivijaya
gained control of both trading straights • Decline- Mongol Conquest in 1257
monopolizing trade over India and
diverted sea trade to silk
China
road…decreased trade in Southeast
Asian Sea Ports
SE Asia:
Religion&Art/Technology
Quetzalcoatl
Introduction to
Hinduism/Buddhism
• In between India and China
• Missionaries travel into Southeast Asia
• Hinduism and Buddhism greatly affect Southeast Asian
society
Hinduism/Buddhism-Cont.
• Starting in the first
century in SE Asia,
Hinduism and Buddhism
began to spread into SE
Asian countries, such as
Thailand, Cambodia, and
Vietnam
Spread of Buddhism
• Primarily, Theravada Buddhism
affected SE Asian countries, such as
Cambodia and Thailand
• They provided an explanation for
nature and gave rulers a means as
to enhance their power and prestige
• It also provided plausibility for their
relations with the people
Architecture of Angkor Wat
• Hindu temple found in the
mountains Mt. Meru, or the
home of the gods
• Most beautiful creation of
Angkor Thom(capital city of
Khmer empire)
• Uses aspects of Indian
architecture along with
native ideas
• Dedicated to Hindu gods,
especially Vishnus
• Surrrounded by a moat
Angkor Wat-Cont.
• Used the Temple
Mountain style,
representing Mount
Meru
• Contains many
galleries
• Has many levels like
a pyramid and
represents a
mountain
• Basic structural
depiction for
Cambodian state
temples
Angkor Wat
View from the sky, showing the moat
Picture of a gallery
Islam in Southeast Asia
• Was introduced in the 12th
century after the Srivijaya
kingdom was attacked by an
Indian navy
• Further spread throughout
Southeast Asia though trade
• Islam in southeast Asia was a
mixture of pre-Islamic beliefs
in southeast Asia and
orthodox Islam
• Many converted to avoid tax
payments
• It is the most common religion
in Southeast Asia
Introduction of Christianity
• Introduced through the Portuguese
when they captured Malacca in
1511.
• Spanish captured Manila in 1572
causing the Philippines to become
Christian.
• Most prominent in the Philippines
and Malacca.
• Spread by Europeans by Indian
Ocean Trade, Silk Road, and Spice
Trade.