The Interrelationships Between
The
Interrelationship
Health and Physical, Social,
Between
Health
and
Emotional and Intellectual
Physical,
Social,
Development
Emotional and
Intellectual
Development
Development
• Defined as the physical, emotional, social
and intellectual changes that take place in
human beings over time.
• Development is a continual process
beginning at conception and ending with
death.
Stages of the Lifespan
• The lifespan is the period of time between
fertilisation and death. It can be divided
up into a series of stages
• These stages are determined by a
combination of biological age, social age
and psychological age.
Lifespan Stage
Approx. Age Range
Prenatal
Infancy
Early Childhood
Late Childhood
Fertilisation to birth
Birth to 18-24 months
End of Infancy to 5-6 yrs
End of early childhood to 1214 yrs
Youths/young people
End of late childhood to 22
years
Early adulthood
End of youths to 35-40 yrs
Middle adulthood
End of early adulthood to
60-65 yrs
Late adulthood
End of middle adulthood to
death
Types of Development
• Development can be
divided into many
different types.
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•
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PHYSICAL
INTELLECTUAL
EMOTIONAL
SOCIAL
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Physical development
includes growth which is
changes in the size and
structure of cells such as
increases in height and
weight and therefore the
lengthening of bones, the
cutting of teeth, changes
in body proportions and
increases in muscles and
tissues.
Physical Development
• Physical development
also includes MOTOR
SKILLS which are
changes in the ability to
use and control muscles
that enable us to
undertake a range of
activities.
– Kicking a ball
– Hopping
– Holding and writing with
a pen.
– Tying shoelaces
Motor Skills
• The development of
motor skills is
dependent upon the
maturation of the
central nervous
system.
Motor Skills
• In our body we tend to
have large muscle groups
and smaller muscle
groups.
• Control of the larger
muscle groups is called
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
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–
–
–
–
–
Kicking
Catching a ball
Running
Sitting
Walking
Playing a musical
instrument
Motor Skills
• Control of the smaller
muscles of the body
such as those in the
fingers and toes are
known as FINE
MOTOR SKILLS
– Threading beads
– Colouring in shapes
and staying within
the lines
– Tying shoelaces
LAWS OF DEVELOPMENT
• There are two laws of development that
help us to predict physical changes that
will take place.
– Cephalocaudal Development
– Proximodistal Development
– Physical development occurs in two directions
known as cephalocaudal and proximodistal.
Cephalocaudal Direction
• Cephalocaudal direction sees
development move down the
body from head to toe.
• An infant will develop control of
the muscles in their neck,
followed by the muscles in
their upper body, upper legs,
lower legs, feet and then toes.
• That is why most infants will
crawl, stand supported, stand,
walk supported and then walk
independently
Proximodistal Direction
• Proximodistal direction sees development progress from the centre
of the body to the outside or extremities.
• An infant will be able to hit an object with their arm and hand, grab
an object, then control the manipulation of the object with their
fingers.
• An embryo shows a well developed torso with very small,
underdeveloped arms and legs.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Social development relies on the
interaction with others and refers to the
development of knowledge and skills,
attitudes, values and behaviours
necessary for the appropriate interaction
and relationships with other people.
Social Development
• Social development refers to developing the capacity for
relationships with other people.
• Social development occurs as a result of socialisation.
• We learn primarily from our family/primary care giver but
other influences include:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Peers
Kindergarten
Child care
School
Sporting clubs
Church
Workplaces
Media
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Refers to the changes
that occur in our ability to
control and understand
our own moods and
feelings and the
expression of these
emotions, as well as
understanding the
emotions of others.
• It includes feelings we
develop about ourselves
and includes aspects
such as confidence, self
esteem and self concept.
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
• Refers to changes in our ability to think and
reason and includes the establishment of
language skills, understanding the basic
concepts for daily living such as numbers, time
and space and our ability to solve problems.
Summary of Development
Physical Development
Growth or Change
Physical Changes
Motor Development
Eg height, weight
Eg breast devel., grey hair
Eg gross motor skills, fine motor skills
Summary of Development
Social Development
Social groups/relationships
Eg family, school,
Work, peers
Roles
Eg parent, employee, friend,
Gender roles.
Summary of Development
Emotional
Awareness of emotions
Eg fear, love
Expression/control of emotions
Eg anger, sadness,
Frustration, joy, love
Self concepts and Self esteem
Eg identity,
Positive self esteem,
Negative self esteem
Summary of Development
Intellectual
Attention and memory
Eg concentration, remember,
Sensory development
Knowledge and Language
Eg concepts, words, writing,
speaking
Understanding and reasoning
Eg problem solving,
Understanding abstract ideas,
INTERRELATIONSHIP
• There is a very strong interrelationship between all types
of development and between health and development.
• Physical changes may impact social changes and vice
versa etc.
– Refer to table on pages 238-239 of the text book
Interrelationship
• One of the most significant influences on
development is health.
• Good health means improved quality of life
and the opportunity to achieve
development potential.
• Ill health may impact on physical, social,
emotional and intellectual development.
Interrelationship
• In children, ill health may affect the growth of the
brain, bones, muscles and organs, particularly if
the illness leads to malnutrition.
• This could also contribute to poor motor
development, impaired learning and delayed
sexual development.
• Continued ill health may also affect social
development.
– i.e interacting with others – learning new skills,
knowledge, behaviour, poor motor skills (lack of
acceptance into social group)
Interrelationship
• Different types of development are therefore interrelated
and do not occur in isolation.
• Growth and development of the brain (physical
development) leads to changes in mental abilities
(intellectual development) like reasoning, memory and
language skills.
• These abilities allow the child to make better personal
and social adjustment.(social development)
• Speech means a child can explain and satisfy its wants
(emotional development)
• This also has a direct impact on academic achievement
(intellectual development).
Activity
Complete the review questions from page
241 of the text book.