What Constitutes a Good Animal Facility?
Germain Rivard, DVM, PhD
germain.rivard@mousecare.com
gfr6@cornell.edu
grivard@greenvivarium.org
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Institutional Policies
and
Responsibilities
Animal Environment,
Housing, and
Management
- Animals
- Users
- Public
- Environment
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4
Veterinary Medical
Care
Physical Plant
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22 Basic Room/Area Components
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Animal Holding Room
Procedures Room
Surgery Area
Loading Docks [Clean/Dirty]
Animal Reception
Feed/Bedding Storage
Waste Storage
Waste Disposal
Washing Room
Sterilization Room
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Janitorial Closet
Necropsy
Office/Reception
Laundry
Toilets
Break & Meeting Rooms
• Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing
• Corridors
• Barriers
• Radiation Shielded /
Imaging Suite
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Admin.
Vet
Med
Care
Wash
Sterile
Animal Holding
Procedures
Storage
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5 Management Tools
 Primary Barrier [MicroEnvironment]
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Caging
Personal Protective Equipment [PPE]
BioSafety Cabinet [BSC]
Local Exhaust Device [LED]
 Secondary Barrier [MacroEnv.]
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Building
Floor
Area
Enclosure
Secondary BARRIER
Primary BARRIER
CAGING
PPE
BSC
LED
 HVAC
Air
VENTILATION
• Dilution-Removal
• Single-Pass
H
V Air
Air
TREATMENT
APRESSURIZATION
Filtration
+
• Temperature
C
• Humidity
HUSBANDRY
S.O.P.
•
 Air Ventilation
 Air Pressurization
 Air Treatment
$$$$$$
 Standard Operating Procedures [S.O.P.]
 Budget
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AUDIT
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Self / Union
IACUC Inspection
USDA
OPRR
FDA
CCAC
AAALAC
Energy Audit
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OHSA
EPA
CDC
ADA
IATA
ILAR
LEED
GVF
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Good Animal Facility
Production / Research / Testing / Education
Institutional Animal Care & Use Program
4 Performance Goals
- Animal & Occupational
Welfare
Health
Well-being / Comfort
Safety
– Data: Output/Outcomes
• 3Rs
– Flexibility
– ‘Green’ [Energy-efficiency, Sustainability]
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3Rs
• Replacement
– Replace animals with non-sentient alternatives
– Use sacrificed animals
– Use non-animal models, training videos, online
courses
– Find alternatives to animal use
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3Rs
• Refinement
– Reduce the stress on experimental animals
– Provide Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) [Room+Cage]
– Improve caging, bedding, feed, water
– Provide novel environmental enrichment
– Use the most updated equipment
– Bundling of activities
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3Rs
• Reduction
The greater the variability, the greater the
number of animals the experimenter must use
to detect a given biological change.
– Careful planning of experimental design
– Eliminate variables
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Source of Variables
Fig. 1.1-1 Environmental and management factors affecting animal homeostasis. (After Dr. William J. White)
Handbook of Facilities Planning, Vol. 2 Laboratory Animal Facilities, Ed. by Theodorus Ruys, AIA, 1991.11
Good Animal Facility
Production / Research / Testing / Education
GENETIC
HEALTH
Strains
Defined Health Status
Mutants
Tg, KO
ENVIRONMENTAL
Engineering Controls
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Environmental Factors as Source of Variables
Conditions
• Feed
• Water
• Light
Disturbances
Stressors
• Observations
• Intrusions
• Noise
•Health check
•Watering
•Feeding
•Cage Changing
•Handling
• Indoor Air Quality [Rm, Cage]
• Air Makeup
• Temperature
• Attitudes
• Humidity
• Manipulation
• Physical Activity
• Air Composition
•Oxygen
•Waste Gases
•Odors
•Particulates
• Air Velocity
• Air Ventilation Efficiency or Mixing
• Air Change Rate
• Air Pressurization
• Vibration
• Population Density
• Physical Activity
• Social Interaction
• Bedding
• Nesting
• Enrichment
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Air Make-up [Ventilation]
Temperature, Humidity, Air composition [O2,CO2,NH3,Odors]
– Fresh Air at 10-15 AC/h, Total-Cooling-Load Calculation Method
– Air Pressurization (+, -)
– Air Treatment (70-90%, HEPA, or ULPA Filter)
Air Mixing Factor or Diffusion Patterns or Ventilation Efficiency
Mixing factor ranges from 1 for perfect mixing to 10 for poor mixing.
Type, Number, and Location of Air Supply and Exhaust Devices
- to minimize temperature differential and dead air spaces
- to control CO2, NH3, Allergens, Airborne Contaminants
–Recirculation or Dilution-Removal Ventilation
–Single-Pass or Laminar Flow Ventilation
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• Recommended-ACH =
Q [exhaust airflow in cubic feet per minute] X 60
V [volume in cubic feet]
Minimal ventilation to accommodate the heat load expected to be
generated by the largest number of animals to be housed plus any
heat expected to be produced by non-animal sources and heat
transfer through room surfaces [Total-Cooling-Load Calculation].
• Required-ACH =
Recommended-ACH X Mixing Factor
Adequate ACH to prevent both stagnation and short-circuiting of air,
i.e. passage of air directly from the air supply to the air exhaust.
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How to Determine a Mixing Factor?
• CFD: Predict without resorting to expensive prototyping
Reynolds: 7ppm Isosurfaces of ammonia
• Tracer Gas Simulations: Use rate of decay to calculate AC/h
• CO2
• SF6
• Neutrally Buoyant Helium Bubble Simulations: Show airflow patterns
• Mechanical Engineer
SageAction: Clean Room
– Smoke Release (Calculate Time for 99% Smoke Removal Efficiency)
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Location
Equipment Heat Loads
In/Out Air Conduits/Plenums – Horiz./Vert.
Contaminated-Air Recirculation
Supply
120C
Exhaust
300C
15 AC/h
144 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
Poor Mixing Factor [8]
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Location
Equipment Heat Loads
In/Out Air Conduits/Plenums – Horiz./Vert.
Contaminated-Air Recirculation
Supply
180C
Exhaust
220C
15 ACH
7 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
Good Mixing Factor [2]
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The longer the exposure; the higher the number of potential variables!
IVC (Forced-air, Recirculation-Ventilation by Air Balancing)
60 ACH
20 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
+/- 0.15 m/s
Poor Mixing Factor
EVC (HVAC-assist, Single-Pass Airflow by Exhaust Ventilation)
20 ACH
4 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
Near-Perfect Mixing Factor
- 0.02 m/s
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• High-Velocity: 0.3 – 0.5 m/s [40-100 fpm ], 60- 120 AC/h
• Small diameter air valve or nozzle = High Frequency Noise
• Turbulences, Drafts, and Dead-Air Spaces = Poor Air Mixing
• 20oC [68oF] air moving at 0.3m/s[60 fpm] = Evaporative Cooling Effect of 7oC [12.6oF]
+/- 0.3 m/s
+/- 0.5 m/s
• Low-Velocity: 0.02 – 0.15 m/s [4-30 fpm ], 20- 100 AC/h
- 0.02 m/s
• Large vent port = No Noise
• No Drafts = Fair to Near-Perfect Air Mixing
• Low Velocity = No Cooling Effect
- 0.02 m/s
+/- 0.1 m/s
+/- 0.15 m/s
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• Noise
Human
Mice
0.02 – 10 – 20 – 30 – 40 – 50 – 60 – 70 – 80 – 90 – 100 kHz
Ultrasound:
Echolocation, Alarm calls, Pup distress calls, Social/Sexual interactions
Ultrasonic Songs of Male Mice: http://tinyurl.com/7s3te
Timothy E.H. and Zhongsheng G., Depart. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. PLOS Biology, Vol 3, Issue 12, 2005.
Between 32 and 62 kHz: Repulsive to Rodents ( PestChaser induces auditory stress)
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2.
3.
4.
IVC Fan
Cage Changing Station
Air supplied through Small Valves
Room Air Diffuser
Noise Level
Noise exceeding 83 dB may reduce fertility of rodents
High-Frequency
Human: BELOW 85 dB
Rodent: BELOW 50 dB
Low-Frequency
Recommended Maximum Noise Level for
√
√
55 dB
√
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84 dB
√
60 dB
√
75 dB
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2. Environmental Factors
• Vibration
Human
Mice
• Noise
• Vibration
Blowers on wall brackets fail to stop vibration in the cages as it is probably due to
the high-velocity and small volume of air conduits on the rack.
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Effect of Caging System on a MHV-model of Experimental Infection
2004, JC Gourdon, DVM, LE Guanzini, LATg, JD Baines, DVM, PhD, MM Bailey, DVM, DACLAM, Cornell University. CARE. Ithaca, NY 14853
Static [ SMI ]
Ventilated (Forced-Air) IVC
Ventilated (Exhaust-Air) EVC
EVC cages did not exacerbate the symptomatology of MHV compared to SMI and IVC
• Clinical signs, severity of symptoms, and survival are affected by the caging system
• Caution should be applied when extrapolating data from different caging systems
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• Enrichment
Joe Garner, PhD, Purdue U., Lafayette, IN
2003, Can we trust research done with lab mice? Discover 24(7): 64-71
2002, Animal models - Can a mouse be standardized? Science, 298
2001, Animal data jeopardized by life behind bars. Nature, 412
Barbering (stereotypy not related to dominance but overcrowding) = Schizophrenia
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Burying / Tussling / Biting enrichment devices are aversive and aggressive responses, not play!
Defensible enrichment devices (shelters) cause territoriality, aggression, and stereotypy
• Enrichment structures or nest building material [paper towel] that can be ‘shared’
avoid agonistic behaviors and variables
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Good Animal Facility
Production / Research / Testing / Education
Eliminate variables to allowing the production of valid data.
Reduce the number of animals needed for statistical significance.
Prevent the alteration of biological, behavioral, or health status.
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3.
4.
Provide similar room conditions in the cage.
Prevent evaporative cooling effect/avoiding eddys, drafts, dead air spaces.
Avoid noise and vibration in the cage.
Eliminate recirculation of heat loads, moisture, waste gases, and
particulates at the room and cage levels.
5. Preclude expression of stereotypic behaviors (barbering, cannibalism) using
nesting materials, enrichment structures and IAQ.
6. Fail to exacerbate the symptomatology of metabolic changes.
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Flexibility
• Conventional
• In/Out
• Barrier
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I
II
III
IV
• Containment
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ABSL 1
ABSL 2
ABSL 3
ABSL 4
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Mouse
Rodents
Rabbits
Dogs
Non-Human Primates
Multi-Species
Farm Animal
Others
Multi-Point Exhaust Ventilation
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Environmentally-Responsible
• Sustainable / ‘Green’
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Green Vivarium Foundation
Energy Conservation, Water and Waste Reduction
Recognize Green Initiatives that Encourage Sustainable
Use of Space, Materials, Resources [Water,Electricity].
A Resource for Green Design & Planning,
Reduce Energy and Water Consumption,
Decrease Waste Disposal,
Increase Indoor Air Quality.
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GreenPractices in Vivaria
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 Evidence-Based Information
 Concept including Theory and History
 Data for Metrics
 Electricity – Gas – Water – Waste - Others
 Occupational Health and Safety
CO2 – NH3 – Airborne Contaminants - RODAC
 Animal Care and Use
CO2- NH3 – Airborne Contaminants – Breeding Performances – Population Density - Sentinel
 Cost Analysis with Payback
 Case Study
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The Green Vivarium Foundation 1st
Annual Awards-2008
 Best Individual Initiative
 Carrie Grace, National Jewish Health Biological Resource Center, Denver, CO
 Initiated a recycling and energy, water, and waste reduction program
 Non-secure paper products and water bag [optimize changing periods]
 Best Facility
 NIH Mouse Imaging Facility
 Converted to a recyclable cage system that saves energy and space
 Best Product or Service
 Innovive, San Diego, CA [www.disposablecages.com]
 Innocage and Innorack disposable technology eliminates the need for on-site washing/sterilizing
 Save energy, water, and space
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The Green Vivarium Foundation 2nd
Annual Awards-2009
 Best Individual Initiative
 Professor Dr. Joerg Schmidt, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
 Initiated a Waste Separation Program for Plastics
 Prevented 69,000 Kg of CO2 production related to transport, shredding, recycling
 Best Facility
 Pfizer, St. Louis
 Low environmental burden at the landfill during construction
 Tri-level HVAC mode: Occupied [15 Ach, 12:12], Unoccupied [3 Ach, OFF], Decontamination [0 Ach, OFF]
 Best Product or Service
 Beta Star Life Science Equipment, Honey Brook, PA [www.rvii.com]
 Enviro Vac: Water Conservation Vacuum system
 Circulate and re-use water in a condenser tank to save up to 80% of water per cycle
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Energy-Efficient NYSERDA Grant
3 Green Strategies to Save 70% Energy
□ Reduce Animal Space to Air Condition
□ Shift from Dilution-Removal to Single-Pass Ventilation
□ Recover Energy from Exhausted Conditioned Air
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Reduce Animal Space to Air Condition
□ 6,000 cages: 3,750 sf [1.6]
1,800 sf [5.7]
□ Reclaim Space [2,700 sf or 72%]
□  $ Architectural &Engineering [76%]
□  Maintenance [65%]
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Shift from Dilution-Removal to
Multi-Point Exhaust [Single-Pass] Ventilation
12,000 cfm [19 AC/h]
3,200 cfm [9 AC/h]
□ Local Exhaust Devices [6,004]
□ Exhaust Ventilated Caging System (EVC)
□ Downdraft Workstation
□ Low-Pressure-Drop System
3 Fabric Air Distribution Ducting Diffusers
64 Manifolded Local Exhaust Devices
Recover Energy from
Exhausted Conditioned Air
□ Heat Pump Heat Recovery
□ 3,200 cfm/6,004 LED [12 kW] = 65% Recovery
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Costs and Benefits of Green Technologies
6,000 Cages
First Cost
Traditional
IVC
$728,250
Savings (%)
HVAC & Plug Load [kWh]
EVC+
LPD, HR
$175,650
$552,600 (76%)
356,800
98,800 (72%)
Carbon Footprint: CO2
- Savings
271 tons
75 tons
196 tons
Annual Energy Cost
- Savings (%)
$ 88,500
$ 11,652
$76,848 (87%)
Annual Maintenance Cost
- Savings (%)
$22,200
$ 7,800
$14,400 (65%)
Annual Husbandry Costs
- Savings (%)
$660,000
$576,000
$84,000 (12%)
perDiem/cage Cost
- Savings (%)
$0.387
$0.281
$0.106 (26%)
$232,140/yr
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Reduce the flow of air, water, and waste to help fight global warming
Eliminate plastic use to curb oil dependency
• Stack-driven
PEV
Recycled
Fiber
Wood
Molding
Convection
• Lighting
Processing
Bedding
●●
Cage
• Air Conditioning
HEAT
• Plug-in
ELECTRICITY
PPE
Gas
BioWaste
W2E
Turbine-Generator
Gasification
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