Unit III, Section 3
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Understand the complex and varying climate regions
and resource deposits across the continent.
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Define the influence left by other cultures, i.e.
Europeans & Muslims
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Analyze the challenges facing Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Describe Africa’s place in the World as an economic
force and as a force of change and growth.
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Detail the events of conflict across Africa, such as the
Rwandan genocide and Apartheid.
 Border between savanna grasslands & deserts
 Means “shore” in Arabic
 Extends from Senegal to Sudan
 Pasture land
▪ Herding groups
▪ Low growing grasses & shrubs
▪ Acacia trees
 4 to 8 Inches of rain annually
▪ Rain Mostly falls in June, July, & August
Gerenuk
Cheetah
African Wild Dog
ScimitarHorned
Oryx
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North central Tanzania
 38,000 square miles
 2 million herbivores, thousands of predators
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Variations in grasslands, scrub, and woodlands
 Rainy season- March thru May
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Kopjes- granite outcrops
Ol Doinyo Lengai
 Active volcano
 Only carbonatite volcano on Earth
▪ Lava turns white when it contacts air
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Annual migration of nearly 1.5 million
wildebeests & 300,000 zebra & other antelopes
 Stretches from Tanzania to Kenya
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1,800 mile journey
Search for viable grasslands
Year long breeding cycle
 All wildebeest calves born within a three week period,
February
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Crosses a series of rivers, plains, & salt flats
Nearly ¼ of a million wildebeests do not
complete the journey
Only began in the 1960’s
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East African people group
 Kenya & Tanzania
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Semi-nomadic herders
 Kraal homesteads
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Traditional society
 Men- hunt, herd, and protect
 Women- build homes & care for the
family
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Wealth based on livestock
Tourist/western influences
 60 to 110 inches of rain annually
 Ground level vegetation
▪ Shrubs, ferns, & mosses (rises 6 to 10 feet)
 Middle level vegetation
▪ Small trees & palms (Rises to 60 feet)
 Upper level vegetation
▪ Leafy trees (rises up to 150+ feet)
▪ Orchids, ferns, & mosses grow at this level
 Poor soil for commercial grain crops
▪ Bananas, pineapples, cocoa, tea, coffee, & cotton
 Deforestation
Okapi
Gorilla
Bongo
Green
Mamba
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Mid-latitude
 Found in South Africa
 Known as a
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Mediterranean climate
Snow can occur
Lush vegetation
Thick woodlands
Excellent agricultural
lands
Kudu
Hartebeest
White Rhino
Impala
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3000 miles long
 Fault system, N. Syria to Central Mozambique
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30 active or semi-active volcanoes
Rich source of life
 Bio-diversity
 Hominid Fossils
▪ Richard & Mary Leakey
▪ Olduvai Gorge
▪ Perfect environment
▪ Prehistoric highway
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Okavango Delta
 Large in-land delta
 Water evaporates, never reaches the sea
 Threatened by hydroelectric construction
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Congo
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World’s deepest, 720 ft
2nd Largest River in the World
2,920 miles long
Main water route for West-central Africa
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Discovered by John Speke in 1858
 Named for Queen Victoria
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26,600 square miles
2nd largest lake in the World
Largest tropical lake
Average depth of 130 ft
Source of the White Nile
Threatened by pollution
 Waste water/water hyacinth
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19,341 feet high
 Highest peak in Africa
 Highest free standing
mountain in the World
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Dormant volcano
 Three cones
▪ Kibo, Mawenzi, Shira
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Sky Island
 Endemic plant species only
found on the mountain
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Southern African
coastal desert
1,200 miles long
Oldest desert on
Earth
Coast sand
seas/inland gravel
plains
Watered by ocean
fogs
Ostrich
Gemsbuck
Meerkat
Jackal
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Group Of The Most
Dangerous & Largest Big
Game Animals In Africa
 African Elephant
▪ Vulnerable
 Black Rhino
▪ Critically Endangered
 Cape Buffalo
▪ Least Concerned
 Leopard
▪ Near Threatened
 Lion
▪ Vulnerable
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Oil
 Largest industry in Nigeria
▪ Greatest percentage of the GDP
▪ Criticism for harming the countries
economy
▪ Natural degradation
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Diamonds & Gold
 South Africa, Congo, & Botswana
▪ Large scale, deep earth mining
▪ Workers rights, poor conditions, etc.
▪ “Blood Diamond” controversy
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Early migrations out of Africa H. erectus
 1.8 million years ago
 Great Rift Valley through the Levant
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All hominid species developed in Africa
 Minus Neanderthal
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H. sapiens
 Migrated around 125,000 years ago
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Neolithic Revolution
 Ethiopian Highlands, the Sahel, and W. Africa
 Rice, yams, oil palm, and coffee
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Manden Kurufaba
 1230-1600 C.E.
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Mansa Musa
 1280-1337
 Devout Muslim, Hajj pilgrimage
 Furthered Timbuktu’s influence
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Driving force of West Africa
Gold, salt, copper, and the slave trade
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1st continent to be looked to
 Refuge for the persecuted
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Adapted to African culture
 Developed separately from Arabian
or Asian Islam
 Social autonomy
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Spread by
 Conquest in the North
 Trade in the South
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Considerable force in today’s
Africa
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Colonization
 First attempted by the
Romans
 Greater push into the
Continent during the 18th &
19th centuries
▪ Carving up the “Dark Continent”
 Early exploration restricted
to the coast
▪ 1 to 2 year life span for white
settlers
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The Slave Trade
 Viable economic source for West African
kingdoms
▪ Islamic coastal kingdoms
▪ Exportation to the Islamic World, Europe, & the
Americas
 Slave characteristics
▪ Young males
▪ Interior Africans
▪ Desirable skills (part. for the New World)
▪ Farming, skin color, metal working, etc.
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The Civilization Process
 “The White Man’s Burden”
▪ Bring society, civility, and Christ to the heathens
▪ By force or choice
▪ Part of the colonial expansion
 David Livingstone
▪ Protestant missionary
▪ Victorian hero
▪ Disappeared for 6 years
▪ Henry Morton Stanley sent to find him
▪ Died May of 1873
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1879
British vs. the Zulu Kingdom
British attempted to bring South
African unity
 Boers & Zulu and obstacle
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Early Zulu victories at Isandlwana
 Boer ally, Paul Kruger
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Battle of Ulundi clinched Anglo
victory
 Saw dissolution of Zulu dynasty
 Imprisonment of Chief Cetshwayo
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Conflicts between Cape British and
Transvaal Boers
 Dutch/Afrikaans word for farmer
 Boers free states in Orange, South African
& Transvaal Republic
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Persecution of Boer settlers
 Concentration camps
1st, Dec. 1880- March 1881
2nd, Oct. 1899-May 1902
Union of South Africa est.
in 1910
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Crops grown for sale at a profit
Purchased by groups outside of agriculture
60% of Africans are employed in farming
 3/5 of farmers subsistent farmers
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African cash crops
 Coffee, cotton, tea, & rubber
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Global markets undercut prices
 African producers unable to compete
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Began April 7, 1994
 100 days of slaughter
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Up to a million Tutsi and moderate Hutu killed
Prompted by years of ethnic tensions
 Final blow was the death of the Rwandan
president
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Interhamwe, armed civilian groups
World was aware of the violence
 Limited Western intervention
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“Apart-hood”
 Racial segregation of South Africa, 1948-1994
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Suppressed movements of blacks
Allowed Afrikaner minority to maintain
power
Separation of four racial groups
 Black, white, colored, & Indian
 Forced movements, educational separation, &
removal of black citizenship (1970)
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Internal violence and protests
Reforms began in the 1980’s
1990- Pres. Fredrick Willem de
Klerk begins negotiations to
end Apartheid
1994-Multi-racial elections held
 Nelson Mandela wins presidency
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Nelson Mandela, 1918-2013
 Political Activist
 Spent 27 Years In Prison, Robben Island
 Freed After The End Of Apartheid
 First Democratically Elected President
After Apartheid (1994-1999)
 Proponent of equality and peace
 Died of a respiratory infection
 Global mourning upon his death
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HIV/AIDS
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Origins in equatorial Africa, bush meat trade
First epidemic in Kinshasa in the 1970’s
Spread through unsafe practices
Major economic/societal drag for Africa
Ebola
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Carried naturally by fruit bats
Spread through contact with infected bodily fluids
High incidents of death
Bleeding, fever, kidney failure, etc.
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Taking animals illegally
Major source of income for poor Africans
Used for
 Bush meat, illegal pet trade, traditional medicine, &
tourist interests
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Species decline
 African elephant, black rhino
 2011, 23 tons of illegal ivory seized (2,300 elephants)
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Countries stepping up with anti-poaching
initiatives
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Provisions of resources
 Clean water, food,
functioning space
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Equality of education
Protection of human
rights
Protection of natural
resources
Advancements
economically