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 Produce theocratic government that combine
religious dogmas and political power
 Replace politheism with monotheism

Miths were repalaced by religious dogmas
 Social form developed to an authoritarian
government (by king/monarchy) backed up by
religious authority (priest)
 Influence to planning: the growth of
AUTHORITARIAN PLANNING
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 AUTHORITARIAN PLANNING
 CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTHORITARIAN
PLANNING




Form: geometric planning
Occurance of long and straight paths/roads
Facade: tend to be uniform
Provide plaza/piaza at the front of monumental building
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
Karlsruhe Germany

Settlement blocks : square
boulevard and large parks
Sumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 2006
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 Karlruhe
Sumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 2006
THEOCENTRISM
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 Within the context of planning
utopia means “no where land” or
dreamland or imagination
 SOCIAL UTOPIA
 Hyphothesis: human being will be
better, hepier, more productive and
religious when its social order is
changed
 Founder:Plato
 PHYSICAL UTOPIA
 Hyphothesis: human well being will
be better, healthier and more
satisfying when physical
environment is properly designed
 Founder of “Physical Utopia”:
Thomas More (16th C)
Sumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 2006
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 Other Physical Utopia co-founders:



Robert Owen (1824) with his concept “A New View of
Sciety
Le Corbusier (20th C) with his preposition “A city made
for speed is made for success”
Franks Lloyd Wright (20th C)
 Whith his conceot “Broadacre City” or a larger scale city
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 The works of Le
Corbusier
Sumber: Wicaksono, AD. Pelatihan Perencanaaan Kota dan Wilayah, 2006
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 Le Corbusier
UTOPIANISM
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 Criticism to UTOPIANISM
 Utopia does not clarify the way to achieve such
situation
 This criticism led to the concept of urban
environmental planning
 Influence to planning: ROMANTIC PLANNING:
 Developed values of humanism that have been
undervalued by industrial system and bureaucracy
 Humanism are associated with rural values, clean
and fresh atmosphere, trees and open space
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 Garden City of
Ebenezer Howard
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 Garden City of Ebenezer Howard
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 How about in Indonesia?
 Grew together with colonialism
 As a “copy” of Europe
 E.g.




Jogja: Kota Baru area
Bandung: Dago area
Semarang: Candi Baru area
Malang: ijen street and its surrounding area
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 Alun-alun Bunder of Malang
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 19th was believed as modern development age,
known as the century of Positivism
 The development was indicated by modern
knowledge and positive science.
 Founder of Positivisme: August Comte (1798-1857)
 The meaning of Positivisme for Comte:
 Real, refuse metaphysics and teologic, useful for
achieving progress, clear and obvious for betterment
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 The Meaning of Development for Comte:
 Positive movement, movement to higher level and more
advance, steering by scientists and industrialists
 Influnce to planning: Planning must
1. Has social reform capacity
2. Has exact images
3. Be the blue print of the Planning Board in the
formulation of determined programs to achieve
4. Ensure the implementation of programs without any
changes
5. Tend to technical / engineering works in applying
technical standards through master-plan approach
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 Philosophy based on ratio or brain
 The source of knowledge is ratio / brainware
 Empiric experiences will function to strengthen the
rational thinking
 All sense of sensation are doubtful, relative, subject to
change, and misleading
 Working methods used by rationalists were deductive
approach
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 Rationalists/ proponents:
 Rene Descrates (1596-1650)
 Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
 Spinoza (1632-1677)
 Karl Raymond Popper (1902-1994)
Descrates
Pascal
K.Raymond Popper
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 The influence to planning
 A shift from traditional planning ‘engineering
knowledges’ to ‘scientific’
 Social knowledges took part in planning world.
 Character of Rastionalism:
a. Planning is general pattern of thinking and actions
b. Planning is public activities for community to
rationally control and decide the development
c. The essence of planning is rational thinking for the
sake of human being.
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 Background
 Emerged from the objection or no trust to
precedented theories
 The changes were not led by external thinking but
direct empirical experiences
 Contents of PRAGMATISM
 The truth is searched through praxis experiences
 Based on the direct sensations of direct experiences
 The goal is BENEFIT
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 PROPONENTS:
 William James (1842-1910)
 John Dewey (1859-1952)
William James
John Dewey
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 The influence to planning is the emergence of
PRAGMATIC PLANNING a s a criticism to procedural
planning theory.
 Pragmatic Pl. stresses on “market decision-making”
 Urban development is fully modified by market
mechanism, with less intervention from the government.
 Often called as against Theory or against planning
 Action is important (getting things done)
 Orientation on benefit or function
 Planning models were based on market condition than
planning theories.
 The product of ‘laissez faire’ economic system (free
market competition)
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 Philosophy of knowledge that pays attention on the
phenomena
 proponents:
 Edmund Husserl (1959-1938)
 Max Scheller (1874-1928)
 Maurice Merleau Ponty (1908-1961)
 Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
Husserl
M.M. Ponty
Heidegger
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 Basic concepts:
1. Focused on the actual phenomena
2. Blending objects with subjects
3. Human is part of the whole life aspects
4. Refuse conformity models
5. Relativity of reality can be understood from the
aggregate of individuals
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 The influence of phenomenology to planning:
a. Disbelieve to holistic general planning
(comprehensive planning & positive Planning)
b. Planning must be oriented to community welfares,
not the tools of political interest nor capital interest
c. Planning must be responsive to support new
concensus based on individual interactions
d. Planner must take roles as agent of change,
facilitators, trainers and organizers.
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e. Does not start from goals nor objectives, but social
f.
g.
h.
i.
criticism to actual condition
Goals are formulated with communities
Based on bottom up process
Ideas must come from societies
Planners facilitate the community to formulate
policies, programs, strategies, designs, projects and
budgets.