Environment Management Tools
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• Conservation of environment for human sake
– environment management
• Natural resources need to be protected and
nurtured
• Conservation of nature and industrialization/
development both should go hand in hand
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Environmental management system
It is the tool that enables an organization to
control impact of its activities, products or
services on the natural environment.
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EMS – Management of an organization’s
environmental programs in a comprehensive,
systematic, planned and documented manner
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Function of EMS
• Serves as a tool to provide a systematic way of
managing an organizations environmental
affairs
• Gives order and consistency for organization
to address environmental concerns
• Focuses on continual improvement of the
system
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Basic EMS framework
• Follows a Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA)
• Also known as Deming-Shewhart Plan-DoCheck-Act
• Leads to continuous improvement of the
system
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PLAN
Establish
baselines, identify
priorities, set
improvement goals
and targets
ACT
Evaluate, apply
lessons learned
and modify as
necessary
Continually improve
DO
Implement action
plans to achieve
goals
CHECK
Monitor, measure,
Find and fix
,document results
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PLAN
Planning identifying environmental
aspects and establishing goals in
accordance with the organization
environmental policy
DO
Implement the planned processes which
includes training and operational control
CHECK
Checking(monitoring) and corrective
actions
Reviewing, includes progress reviews and
actions to make needed changes which
continually
Improve performance of the
environmental management system
ACT
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• EMS offers method and opportunity to
systematically establish and achieve pollution
prevention objectives
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS AND ISO 14000 SERIES
• International Organization for Standards (ISO)
• September 1996, ISO published the first
edition of ISO 14001, the internationally
accredited environmental management
system standards.
• This describes specific requirements for an
Environmental Management System(EMS)
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• ISO 14001- Specification standard to which a
organization may receive certification or
registration (foundation document of ISO
14000)
• Second edition of ISO 14000 series in 2004
• ISO 14001- preferred model for environmental
management
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ISO 14001 main principles
• Prevention of environmental pollution
• Compliance with environmental regulation
• Continuous improvement of environmental
performance
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Range of ISO
ISO 14000-14009
ISO 14010-14019
ISO 14020-14029
ISO 14030-14039
ISO 14040-14049
ISO 14050-14059
ISO 14060
Subject
Environmental
management system
Environmental auditing
Environmental labeling
Environmental performance
evaluation
Life cycle assessment
Terms and definitions
Environmental aspects in
product standards
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Aims of ISO 14001
• Implementing, maintaining and improving an
environmental management system
• Ensuring its conformance with its stated
environmental policy
• Demonstrating such conformance to others,
either through an independent, third party
certification or a self-declaration or
conformance with the standard
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ISO 14000 series
Key requirements:
1. Environmental policy
2. Planning
2.1 Environmental aspects
2.2 Legal and other requirements
2.3 Objectives and targets
2.4 Environmental management programmes
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3.Implementation and operation
3.1 Structure and responsibility
3.2 Training, awareness and competence
3.3 Communication
3.4 Environmental management system
documentation
3.5 Document control
3.6 Operational control
3.7 Emergency preparedness and response
3.7.1 Checking and corrective action
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4.Monitoring and measurement
4.1 Non-conformance and correction and preventive
action
4.2 Records
4.3 Environmental Management System audit
4.4 Management review
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ISO 14001 explains each of these requirements
e.g.
Objectives and targets
“ The organization shall establish and maintain
documented environmental objectives and
targets, at each relevant function and level
within the organization”
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• ISO adoption by any organization/company is
voluntary
• Pressure from industrialized countries for the
ISO certification on developing countries
• ISO 14000 series – environmental protection
in balance with socio economic needs
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Certification for EMS
There is provision to have EMS certified by an
external party
• International organization for standardization
(ISO 14001)
• British standards for environment
• European Union’s EMAS (Eco-management
and auditing system)
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• The agencies that certify these standardsthird party certifiers
• The most important, most recognized and
internationally accredited EMS standard is ISO
14001
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Key elements of an environmental
management system
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How to use EMS and who use it
• Many EMS implementation efforts begins with
an examination of the existing management
system with the ISO requirements.
• The gap identifies the needs to be develop or
improve.
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Benefits of EMS
• Improve environmental performance
Waste and energy reduction
Pollution prevention
• Enhance compliance
An EMS can help to improve regularly compliance
• Increase efficiency/ reduce cost
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• Competitive advantages
consumers and manufactures are giving
preference to products from environmentally
responsible suppliers
• Improved image
improve business image and credibility to
environmental programmes
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• Enhancement of employee morale – The
implementation of an EMS in an organization,
which has not previously had a record of caring
for, the environment can often lead to improved
employee morale and motivation
• Reduce / mitigate risks- an EMS provides a
structured framework for identifying and meeting
regulatory requirement. This results in fewer
fines and legal risk and potential liabilities
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• Pollution reduction and resource conservation
• It can be concluded that ISO 14001 EMS
standards implementation has a positive and
significant relationship with enterprise
performance( i.e. operation performance and
business performance)
• Stakeholders agree that an ISO 14001 certified
EMS does increase a firm’s capacity to manage
the environmental aspects of its business
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Benefits of EMS
• Firm’s efficiency
• Environmental performance
• Economy
• Pollution prevention
• Waste minimization
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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OR LIFE CYCLE
ASSESMENT
Life cycle assessment (LCA) involves
evaluating the environmental effects of
product, process, or activity holistically by
looking at the entire life cycle of the product
or process from raw materials extraction
through consumer use
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Stages LCA
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Stages of product life cycle
• Life cycle analysis is an approach that covers
the whole life cycle product or service, usually
from cradle to grave
• Raw material extraction to manufacturing,
packaging, distribution, use and end life
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ISO define LCA as a technique for assessing the
environmental impacts associated with a
product by compiling an inventory of relevant
inputs and outputs of a product system and
evaluating the potential environmental
impacts associated with those inputs and
outputs and interpreting the results of the
inventory analysis and impacts assessment
phases in relation to the objectives of the
study
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ISO in 2000 has come out with the following
standards
• ISO 14040:environmental management- LCAprinciples and frameworks
• ISO 14041: environmental management- LCAinventory analysis
• ISO 14042: environmental management- LCAimpact assessment
• ISO 14043:environmental management- LCAinterpretation
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Procedures of LCA
• According to ISO 14040( principles and
framework of LCA) and 14044 ( Requirements
and guidelines for LCA standards) standards
A life cycle assessment should be carried out in
four distinct phases.
The phases are interdependent in that the
results of one phase will decide, how other
phases are completed .
The figure shown below illustrates the life
cycle assessment framework
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Goal and scope
definition
ISO 14041
Analysis
Interpretations
conclusions
recommendations
and reporting
ISO 14042
Impact assessment
ISO 14043
Direct
application
Product
development
and
improvement
strategic
planning
Public policy
making
marketing
Goal and scope of an LCA
• Should be clearly defined and consistent with
the intended application
• It includes technical details that guide
subsequent work, which sets out the context
of the study and explains how and to whom
the results are to be communicated
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Goal of LCA
• By examining a product over its entire life
cycle, appropriate decisions can be arrived at,
to avoid/ reduce the environmental impact
• Achieve efficient use of resources and energy
thereby lowering overall production costs and
environmental impacts
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Why conduct LCA
• LCAs provide a detailed breakdown of the
main contributors to key environmental
impacts( materials, energy sources, steps of
the life cycle, etc.)
• This can enable companies to improve
performance by prioritizing environmental
improvements and investments
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• e.g., achieving cost savings through more efficient
use of resources or energy, or identifying
alternative processes that lower overall
production costs environmental impacts
• LCA can also help companies comply with laws
and regulations designed to reduce the
environmental impact of products and services
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There are two main types of LCAs
• Attribution LCAs : seek to establish the burden
associated with production and use of a
product or with a specific service or process,
at a point in time (typically of the recent past)
• Consequential LCAs :seek to identify the
environmental consequences of a decision or
a proposed change in a system under study
(oriented to the future)
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Life cycle inventory (LCI) Analysis
• Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis involves
creating an inventory of flows from and to the
nature for a product
• Inventory flows include inputs of water,
energy and raw materials and releases to air,
land and water environment
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• To develop the inventory, a flow model(
typically illustrated with the help of a flow
chart as shown) for all activities taking place in
the technical system is constructed using data
on inputs and outputs
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Life cycle analysis framework
OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Raw materials
Finished
products
Raw
materials
energy
manufacturing
Use/reuse/maintenance
By products
Atmosphere
emission
Waste water
System
boundary
Recycle/waste
management
Solid wastes
Other releases
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Results of the inventory
• Inventory flows can number in hundred
depending on the system.
• The data must be related to the functional
unit defined in the goal, scope and definition
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Life cycle impact assessment
• Inventory analysis is followed by impact
assessment. This phase of LCA is aimed at
evaluating the significance of potential
environmental impacts based on the LCI flow
results
• Classical life cycle impact assessment(LCIA)
consists of the following mandatory elements
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A) impact category selection
This step should be completed as a part of initial goal
and scope definition phase
The items identified in life cycle inventory (LCI) have
potential human health and environmental
impacts
e.g. cancer, ozone depletion
B)Classification
To organize and combine LCI results with impact
categories
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e.g. items can be classify as those causing global
warming, those causing acid rain and so on
C)Characterization
Impact characterization is based on scientific
conversion factors, to convert and combine the
life cycle inventory(LCI) results in to
representative indicators.
Impact Indicator= Inventory Data X Characterization
factor
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Interpretation
Life cycle interpretation is a systematic technique where the
results from the inventory analysis and impact assessment are
summarized
• The outcome of the interpretation phase is a set of
conclusions and recommendations for the study
• Interpreting the results help in arriving at a more informed
decision/best alternatives
• Hence , it is crucial that data for the completion of a life cycle
analysis is accurate and current.( a life cycle analysis is only as
valid as its data)
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Benefits of LCA
• Helps to develop a systematic evaluation of
the environmental consequences associated
with a given product
• It will quantify environmental releases to air,
water and land in relation to each life cycle
stages and/or major contributing process
• Assist in identifying significant shifts in
environmental impacts between life cycle
stages and environmental media
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• Assess the human and ecological effects of
material consumption and environmental
releases to the local community, region and
world
• Compare health and ecological impacts between
two or more competing products/ processes or
identify the impacts of a specific product or
process
• Identify impacts to one or more specific
environmental areas of concern
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LCA of paper
(Product life cycle of paper)
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• Historically pulp and paper production has
ranked among the most resource-intensive
and highly polluting of all manufacturing
industries. Besides fiber, the primary inputs
into the paper making process are water,
energy and chemicals.
• 2050 it is expected that pulp and paper
production will account for over half of the
world’s industrial demand
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• Paper has the potential to decompose and
produce methane, a greenhouse gas with 21
times the heat trapping power of carbon
dioxide.
• Transportation in each stage of paper
production consumes energy
• Two main contributors of greenhouse gas
emission are paper industry and methane gas
from land fills
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• Paper industry as a whole represents a broad
range of applications. Hence, it is very difficult
to draw general conclusions across various
paper segments and one must use extreme
caution when making comparisons across
different studies
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Some Environmental management
tools
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Environmental management system(EMS)
Eco labeling
Life cycle assessment
Waste minimization programs
Environmental impact assessment
Environmental risk analysis
Environmental auditing
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