THE
HISTORY OF HEALTH
CARE
UNIT 1
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
Introduction
Why is it important to
understand the
history of
health care?
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
Introduction
You have an infected finger and
the doctor orders leeches to treat
the infection.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
Introduction
Is this an ancient or modern
treatment? Does it work?
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
4000 BC-3000 BC Primitive Times
- Illness & disease caused by spirits
and demons
- Average life span = 20 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
3000 BC-300 BC Ancient Egyptians
- Believed body was system of
channels (ducts)
- Bloodletting was used when
channels were “blocked”
- Average life span = 20-30 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
1700 BC-AD 220 Ancient Chinese
- Used acupuncture to relieve pain
and congestion
- Average life span = 20-30 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
- Hippocrates – Father of Medicine
Developed organized method to
observe human body
Recorded Signs & Symptoms
HISTORY
OF
HEALTH
CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
- Hippocrates – Father of Medicine
Created high standard
of ethics:
“The Hippocratic Oath”
used by physicians
today.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
- Aristotle – Dissected animals;
founder of what is known today as
anatomy
- Avg. life span=
25-35 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
- First to provide medical care for
injured soldiers
- Physicians cared for ill people in
their homes
- Hospitals established in religious
institutions
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
- Began public health & sanitation
systems
Aqueducts to carry clean water to
cities
Sewers to carry waste away from cities
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
- Claudius Galen: physician; body is
controlled by a balance of fluids
(humors), blood, phlegm and bile.
Imbalance in fluids lead to illness.
- Average life span = 25-35 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
AD 400- AD 800 Dark Ages
- Prayer & divine intervention used to
treat illness & disease
- Study of medicine was prohibited
- Average life span = 20-30 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
AD 800- AD 1400 Middle Ages
- Medical universities were created
- Pandemic killed ¾ of the population of
Europe & Asia
- Arab physicians required to pass exam
before getting license to practice
- Average life span = 20-35 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance
- Body dissection was performed
- Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci
drew human body
- Printing press allowed for
distribution of information
- First anatomy book published
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance
- Average life span = 30-40 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
16th & 17th Centuries
- Cause of diseases still not known
- Ambrose Pare: Father of modern
surgery
- William Harvey: described
circulation to and from the heart
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
th
16 & 17 Centuries
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: invented
microscope
- Average life
span = 35-45 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
18th Century
- Gabriel Fahrenheit:
invented first
mercury
thermometer
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
18th Century
- Benjamin Franklin: invented bifocals
- Edward Jenner: developed
vaccination for smallpox
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
18th Century
- Average life span = 40-50 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
19 Century
- French barbers:
acted as surgeons
by extracting teeth,
using leeches for
treatment and
giving enemas
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
- 1st Blood transfusion (1818)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
- Rene Laennec:
invented
stethoscope
(1819)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
- Elizabeth Blackwell:
first female
physician
in the U.S.
(1849)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
- Florence Nightingale:
Founder of
modern nursing;
- Began education
for nurses
(1850’s & 1860’s)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
- Joseph Lister:
began use of
disinfectants
and antiseptics
in surgery to
prevent infection
(1865)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
- Louis Pasteur:
“pasteurized”
milk to kill
bacteria
- Created rabies
vaccine (1885)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
19 Century
- Dimitri Ivanofski:
discovered
viruses (1892)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
19 Century
- Wilhelm Roentgen:
discovered
x-rays (1895)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
- Average life span = 40-60 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Most rapid growth in modern
healthcare occurred during this time
period
- Many diseases were specifically
identified, treated and cured
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
20 Century
- Standards of care were established
- Technology is integrated into
healthcare and is used in every
aspect of medical care today
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Carl Landsteiner:
Classified ABO
blood groups
(1901)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Sigmund Freud:
formed the basis
for psychology &
psychiatry
(early 1900’s)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Frederick Banting & Charles Best:
discovered &
used insulin
to treat diabetes
(1922)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Sir Alexander Fleming:
discovered the
antibiotic
penicillin (1928)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
20 Century
- George Papanicolaou:
developed the
“pap smear”
to detect
cervical cancer
in females
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Jonas Salk:
developed the
polio vaccine
using dead
polio virus
(1952)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
20 Century
- Francis Crick & James Watson:
discovered
the structure
of DNA, our
genetic blueprint (1953)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Christian Barnard:
Performed 1st
heart transplant
(1968)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
20 Century
- CAT Scan:
developed
(1975)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Louise Brown:
first “testtube” baby,
conceived in
a laboratory
(1978)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
20 Century
- Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS):
first identified
as a disease
(1981)
HIV (1984)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
th
20 Century
- Ben Carson:
First to separate
conjoined twins;
has pioneered
many new
procedures (1987)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
- Sheep Cloned:
“Dolly” the
sheep was
cloned by
Dr. Ian Wilmut
(1997)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Average life span = 60-70 years
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time
st
21 Century
- What impact will YOU have on the
history of health care?
- What will YOU discover?
- What will YOU cure?
- Average life span = 100 yrs plus?
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Cost Containment
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Cost Containment: controlling the
rising cost of health care
- Reasons high costs:
1) Technological advances
2) Aging population (Rx)
3) Lawsuits (malpractice Ins.)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
B. Diagnostic Related Groups: DRG’s
place a limit on the cost of health
care.
Example: (?) Surgery $5,000 Limit
If hospital costs are less than $5,000
then hospital makes $$, otherwise
hospital loses $$
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
B. Diagnostic Related Groups:
1) Combination of Services:
health care facilities shop for
services (laboratory, x-ray, etc.)
to save $$.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
C. Outpatient Services: Patients
receive care and are discharged
home without being admitted to
the hospital.
Examples: Surgical Centers,
Physical Therapy, etc.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
D. Energy Conservation: Energy is a
large expense for health care
facilities.
- Energy Efficient Bulbs
- Consolidating Work Areas
- Recycling
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
E. Summary: The quality of health
care should not be lowered simply
to control costs.
- Provider responsibility: provide
the best health care while being
conscious of costs
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
E. Summary: The quality of health
care should not be lowered simply
to control costs.
- Personal responsibility: take
preventative measures to avoid or
limit injury, illness & disease
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Home Health Care
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Home Health Care: Created
mainly as a result of DRG’s.
History shows that this is not a
new concept.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Home Health Care:
Services include:
- Nursing care
- Physical/occupational therapies
- Respiratory therapy
- Social services
- Nutrition & food services
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Geriatric Care
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Geriatric Care: Care of the elderly.
People are living longer.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Geriatric Care:
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of 1987 (OBRA)
Government Act which requires
states to establish competency
standards which nursing assistants
must meet. (Exam)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Geriatric Care:
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of 1987 (OBRA)
Requires long-term health care
workers to attend continuing
education courses
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Geriatric Care:
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of 1987 (OBRA)
Loss of license/certificate can
occur if compliance is not
maintained. Facility can also be
fined and even shut down.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Geriatric Care:
Types of Facilities:
- Adult day care centers
- Retirement communities
- Assisted living care centers
- Long-term care centers
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Telemedicine
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Telemedicine: Involves using
technology to provide care
Methods:
- Computerized (EKG’s)
- Remote (robotics)
- Video (surgery)
- Phone/Fax (Reports)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Wellness
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Wellness: A state of being in
optimum health as it relates to
physical, mental and social health.
Preventative measures: diet,
exercise, rest, stress reduction,
habit cessation
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Alternative &
Complementary Methods
of Health Care
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Alternative Medicine: Involves
evaluating and treating illness and
disease in ways which may differ
from current, modern medical
treatment; or enhance medical
treatment being used.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Alternative Medicine:
Practitioners:
- Ayurvedic: harmonizing body and
mind
- Chinese: Acupressure
Acupuncture; Life Energy (Chi)
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Alternative Medicine:
Practitioners:
- Chiropractors: energy through
nerves; spinal alignment
- Homeopaths: body can heal itself
with immune system
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Alternative Medicine:
Practitioners:
- Hypnotist: trance-like state;
verbal suggestions; follow
- Naturopaths: natural therapies
only; fasting, diets, lifestyle
changes
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
National
Health Care Plan
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. National Health Care Plan:
Nationalizing health care is being
considered as a result of rising
health costs.
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. National Health Care Plan:
- Government Health Care
- taxes to help pay
- Health Care Co-op
- grouping of health care
providers which provide
care at lower costs
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. National Health Care Plan:
- Managed Care
- employers provide ins. &
government helps pay for
poor
- State-run Health Care
- Each state develops plan
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
A. National Health Care Plan:
Goal: Health Care For All
Potential Drawbacks:
- Insured paying for uninsured
- Limited choices of providers
- Limited care
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
End of Lecture