RESEARCH METHODOLOGY WORKSHOP
RESEARCH DESIGN
BY:
NIK MAHERAN NIK MUHAMMAD
UiTM KELANTAN
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

Research Process
Research Overview
Research Method

Research Design

Conclusion


The Research Process
OBSERVATION
Broad Area of
Research
Interest
PRELIMINARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interviews &
Literature
review
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Research
problem
delineated
Variables clearly
identified
DEDUCTION
Hypotheses
substantiated?
Research Questions
answered?
GENERATION
OF
HYPOTHESES
DATA COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS &
INTERPRETATION
RESEARCH PROCES
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
1.
INTRODUCTION


2.
Introducing of research problem
Introduction of objectives and how objective will be
achieved
LITERATURE REVIEW



Review of previous work relating to research problem
(define, explain, justify)
Review of previous work relating to methodology
Review of previous work relating to results (particular
reliability, etc.)
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
3. METHOD



Explanation of how data was collected/generated
Explanation of how data was analyzed
Explanation of methodological problems and their
solutions or effects
4. RESULTS AND FINDINGS


Presentation of results
Interpretation of results
OVERVIEW
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION


Recapitulation of the findings (without figures)
Discussion of result






(e.g. comparison with results in previous research, effect of
method used on the data obtained)
Has the research problem been solved?
To what extent has the objective being achieved?
What has been learnt from the results?
How can this knowledge be used?
What are the shortcomings of the research or research
methodology?
Styles of Research

Applied Research
Pure Research/Basic Research
Business Research
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF RESEARCH

Applied Research


Case study
Comparison

Basic/Fundamental Research

Correlation-prediction
 Experiment
 Survey-questionnaire
 Theory construction
 Trend analysis
Business Research





Analysis
Evaluation
Design-demonstration
Status
WHAT IS BASIC RESEARCH
The goal is to produce new knowledge, which takes three main
forms:



Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new
problems
Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem
Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using
empirical evidence

Research can also fall into two distinct types:
Primary research
Secondary research.

Research is often conducted using the hourglass model.[1]


HOURGLASS MODEL
RESEARCH METHOD
The method section answers two main
questions

1.
2.
How was the data collected or generated?
How was it analyzed?
“ It shows your reader how you obtained your
results”
METHOD

Why do you need to explain how you
obtained your results???
1.
2.
Method affects results
Helps the reader evaluate the validity and reliability of
your results and conclusion you draw from them
METHOD

Your methodology should make clear the reasons why you
choose a particular method or procedure.

The data was collected or generated in a way consistent with
accepted practice in the field of study

The research method must be appropriate to the objectives of
the study

The methodology should also discuss the problems that were
anticipated and explain steps taken to prevent them from
occurring
RESEARCH DESIGN

Design research investigates the process of
designing in all its many fields.

It is thus related to Design methods in general or for
particular disciplines.


A primary interpretation of design research is that it is
concerned with undertaking research into the design
process.
Secondary interpretations would refer to undertaking
research within the process of design. The overall intention
is to better understand and to improve the design process.
RESEARCH DESIGN
QUATITATIVE

Data in numbers

it investigates the why and how of decision making, as compared to what,
where, and when of quantitative research.

Quantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of properties
and phenomena and their relationships.

The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical
models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena.

The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it
provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and
mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.

Quantitative research is widely used in both the natural sciences and social
sciences, from physics and biology to sociology and journalism. It is also used
as a way to research different aspects of education. The term quantitative
research is most often used in the social sciences in contrast to qualitative
research.
QUALITATIVE

Data in words

It involves an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the
reasons that govern human behavior

ualitative research relies on reasons behind various aspects of
behavior. Simply put, it investigates the why and how of decision
making

the need is for smaller but focused samples rather than large random
samples, which qualitative research categorizes data into patterns as
the primary basis for organizing and reporting results.

Qualitative researchers typically rely on four methods for gathering
information: (1) participation in the setting, (2) direct observation, (3)
in depth interviews, and (4) analysis of documents and materials
MULTIMETHOD

Data in both forms
WHATS READERS WANT TO
KNOW ABOUT YOUR RESEARCH
DESIGN

Purpose of the study




Types of Investigation





Population to be studied
Study setting



Minimal interference
Manipulation
Unit of analysis


Clarification
Correlational
Experimental
Extent of researcher interference


Descriptive
Hypothesis-testing
Case study
Contrived – artificial/lab setting
Non-contrived – natural environment
Time horizon


Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL
CONCLUSION

WHAT IS A GOOD METHODOLOOGY SECTION

Bear in mind the purpose of the method section.

Keep notes of what you did, why you did it, and what happened.
Some researchers keep research diaries so that they have a
record of the methods they used. Make sure you develop some
way of recording your work, and that you then carefully select
which material to include in your final methodology section.

Remember who your audience will be, and be careful not to
include unnecessary details.

.Avoid using "I" to write about what you did. Do not use "we"
unless you really were working with one or more other
researchers. One way to avoid this problem is to use passive
voice.Verb tenses - be consistent, and choose the correct one!
Exploratory research

is a type of research conducted because a
problem has not been clearly defined.

helps determine the best research design, data
collection method and selection of subjects.


Given its fundamental nature, it’s often concludes
that a perceived problem does not actually exist.
back
Constructive Research

Constructive research

is perhaps the most common computer science research
method.

This type of approach demands a form of validation that
doesn’t need to be quite as empirically based as in other
types of research like exploratory research.

the conclusions have to be objectively argued and defined.


This may involve evaluating the “construct” being
developed analytically against some predefined criteria or
performing some benchmark tests with the prototype.
back
Empirical Research

Empirical research

is any research that bases its findings on direct or indirect
observation as its test of reality.

Such research may also be conducted according to hypotheticodeductive procedures, such as those developed from the work of
R. A. Fisher.

The researcher attempts to describe accurately the interaction
between the instrument (or the human senses) and the entity
being observed.

If instrumentation is involved, the researcher is expected to
calibrate her/his instrument by applying it to known standard
objects and documenting the results before applying it to unknown
objects.

back
Primary Research

Primary Research

Primary research (also called field research) involves the
collection of data that don't already exist.

Methods of collection primary data





Observation: Looking at and recording what people do and how they
behave. Today, store cameras can be used to observe consumer
behaviour
Experiments: Market researchers can use experimental techniques.
e.g. test marketing, blind taste tests
Surveys: Involves asking questionnaires to respondents
Consumer panels: Select a group of consumers that the company
regularly surveys to identify changing attitudes
back
Secondary Research

Secondary research (also known as desk research)
 involves the summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing
research rather than primary research, where data are collected
from, for example, research subjects or experiments.

The term is widely used in market research and in medical
research.

The principle methodology in medical secondary research is the
systematic review, commonly using meta-analytic statistical
techniques, although other methods of synthesis, like realist
reviews and meta-narrative[1] reviews, have been developed in
recent years.

back
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Survey –

applies to any study in which data or responses (be they
quant/qual/both) are recorded via any form of what we think
of as "survey instrumentation."

They can take many forms:





Check-off items (e.g., gender, position);
Fill-in-the-blank items;
Likert-type scales (e.g., on a 5-point scale, say, from "strongly
disagree" to "strongly agree,"
Open-ended fill-in items
Observational

instead of administering a survey instrument, the
researcher collects data by observing/tallying/recording the
occurrence or incidence of some outcome
HYPOTESIS TESTING

Explain the nature of relationships

Establish differences among groups or the
interdependence of two or more factor in a
situation

Explain the variance in the dependent
variable or to predict organizational outcome.
CASE STUDY

Gathers in-depth information on a single
entity

Problem solving techniques

Involve contextual analyses of similar
situation in other organization

back
Types of Investigation

Clarification



Correlational


Clear understanding of the concept
Related to exploratory and descriptive study
At least two concept or variables move simultaneously
Causal relationship/experimental/group
comparison


One concept or variables causes a movement in another
concept or variables
True experiment vs quasi-experiment
True experiment
Quasi Experiment
back
UNIT OF ANALYSIS


The unit of analysis is the major entity that is being
analyzed in the study.
It is the 'what' or 'whom' that is being studied.

In social science research, the most typical units of
analysis are individual people.

Other units of analysis can be groups, social
organizations and social artifacts, event, dyad

back