History of Psychology
Charles Darwin
William Wundt
William James
G Stanley Hall
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Sigmund Freud
John B. Watson
Biological Bases of Behavior
Paul Broca
Carl Wernicke
Roger Sperry
Michael Gazzaniga
Sensation and Perception
Ernst Weber
Gustav Fechner
David Hubel
Why they are important?
Theory of natural selection influences the modern
evolutionary perspective
First psych research laboratory in GERMANY;
pioneered the term introspection; where subjects
reported what was happening to them
Prominent in establishing psychology in the US. He
emphasized studying the purpose or function of
behavior and mental processes
First psych research laboratory in the US; first
president of the American Psychological
Association (APA); taught by William James
Taught by William James as well; Denied a Ph.D at
Harvard due to sexism; established a psych lab at
Wellesley and served as first female president of
the APA
First American woman to get a Ph.D in
psychology; best known for her experimental work
in animal behavior
Founded the psychoanalytic school of thought and
developed the theory of defense mechanisms,
particularly repression; believed childhood
experiences influence adult personality; believed
dreams provided a particular important insight
into unconscious motives
Behaviorist who believed the only thing worth is
observable behavior.
Discovered speech production is located in the
lower left frontal lobe; coined Broca’s area which
revolutionized the understanding of speech
production
Discovered that damage to the left temporal lobe
caused deficits in language comprehension; coined
Wernike’s area
Best known for work on split brain patients;
particularly that the right and left hemisphere
have specialized functions
Continued Sperry’s work on split brain patients
Discovered just noticeable difference and
Weber’s law
Demonstrated that mental processes can be
quantified
Discovered feature detectors- specialized neurons
in the occipital lobe that have the ability to
Torton Wiesel
States of consciousness
Ernest Hilgard
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
John Garcia
Robert Rescorla
Edward Thorndike
BF Skinner
Edward Tolman
Wolfgang Kohler
Albert Bandura
Cognition
George A Miller
Herman Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus
Noam Chomsky
Motivation and Emotion
Abraham Maslow
Stanley Schacter
respond to specific features of an image
Teamed with Hubel to expand the knowledge of
sensory processing and perception
Renowned for his research on hypnosis and pain
control, created the term disassociation when it
came to hypnosis
Originally studied digestion and is famous for his
pioneering work on classical conditioning
Famous for pioneering work on taste aversion; his
perspective supports the evolutionary perspective
that being biologically prepared to quickly
associate nausea with food or drink is adaptive
Research indicated that the CS must be a reliable
signal that predicts of the UCS; furthered Pavlov’s
research
Conducted the first systematic investigation of
animal behavior and coined the term “law of
effect” which simply stated that satisfying
behaviors are more likely to be repeated and vice
versa
Like Watson, believed in observable behavior and
came up with Operant Conditioning
Known for his work on cognitive maps and mental
representations; realized learning is more complex
than Skinner believed
Studies included a Chimp named Sultan who had a
banana outside of cage and a stick inside, realized
that animal gains insight; and realized that that is
the “aha moment”
Famous bobo doll experiment; monkey seemonkey do; father of observation learning
Magical 7 plus or minus 2 in STM (Working
Memory)
Father or memory research, known for the
forgetting curve
Known for misinformation effect; key in noting
the weakness in eye witness testimony
Renowned linguist that noted that children have
an innate capacity to learn and produce speech;
coined the term language acquisition device
Humanist who is known for his hierarchy of needs;
believed highest level is “self actualization”
Known for the two- factor theory of emotion;
Hans Selye
Alfred Kinsey
Developmental Psychologists
Mary Ainsworth
Harry Harlow
Konrad Lorenz
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
Diana Baumrind
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gillgan
Personality
Alfred Adler
where emotion depends of physical arousal and
then cognitively labeling that arousal
Studied stress and coined “general adaption
syndrome” (alarm reaction; resistance,
exhaustion)
Pioneering researcher on human sexuality
Did research on the “strange situation”
(relationship between infant and mothers) and
came up with the terms secure and insecure
attachment
Famous for experiment on rhesus monkeys and
found that touch plays a key role in developing
healthy physical growth and normal socialization
Studying animals and is known for his study on
imprinting which is defined as learning occurring
at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is
rapid and apparently independent of the
consequences of behavior. It was first used to
describe situations in which an animal or person
learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which
is therefore said to be "imprinted" onto the
subject.
Focused on cognitive development differs
throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence to
understand the world (Small People Can’t Fight)
Famous for his belief that children learn their
cultures habits of mind through a process called
internalization or inner speech
Known for her work on parenting styles
(permissive; authoritative; authoritarian)
Coined the term psychosocial stages of
development and was interested in how
adolescence go through role confusion to form
identity
Used hypothetical moral dilemmas to study moral
reasoning (Pre conventional- Conventional- Post
Conventional
Best known for critiquing Kohlberg’s theory since
all participant were male- argued woman tend to
focus on caring and compassion- tend and
befriend
Neo- Freudian; who pioneered the use of
psychiatry in both social work and early childhood
education- urged patients to through words such
as self-determination and courage to alter their
Carl Jung
Carl Rogers
Paul Costa and Robert McCrea
Testing and Individual Differences
Francis Galton
Charles Spearman
Robert Sternberg
Howard Gardner
Alfred Binet
Lewis Terman
David Wechsler
Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
Dorothea Dix
Albert Ellis
interpretations of life events
Neo Freudian who developed the concept of the
collective unconscious; believed that the collective
unconscious includes shared human experiences
that are embodied in myths and cultural
archetypes
Went against Freud’s pessimistic view of human
nature and believed people are innately good and
are motivated to achieve their full potential or
self actualize
Came up with the Five Factor Model of
Personality (CANOE) Conscientiousness;
Agreeableness; Neuroticism, Extroversion, and
Openness
Developed the statistical concept of correlation
and was the first to demonstrate that the
“normal distribution” could be applied to
intelligence
Proposed that intelligence is a single, underlying
factor, which he coined general intelligence of the
g factor
Known for the triachic model that distinguishes
analytic, practical, and creative intelligences
Disagreed with Spearman, and proposed multiple
intelligences that include linguistic, logicmathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic,
naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.
Invented first usable intelligence test that noted
the distinction between a child’s mental and
chronological ages
Best known as the inventor of the Stanford- Binet
IQ test; simply divided mental age by chronological
age and multiplied by a 100
Instead of Terman’s approach, Wechsler
determined how far a person’s score deviates from
a bell shaped normal distribution of scores. Most
intelligence tests use this system
Reformer who documented how poor and
deplorable conditions were for the insane poor.
Helped persuade state legislatures to create the
first generation of American mental hospitals.
Known for rational- emotive therapy where he
helped his client’s dispute irrational beliefs and
replace them with rational interpretations of
events.
Aaron Beck
Father of cognitive therapy- his theories are used
to treat clinical depression
Mary Cover Jones
Conducted pioneering research in applying
behavioral techniques to therapy “known as the
mother of behavior therapy”
Furthered Jone’s work by inventing systematic
desensitization- where he taught his patients to
relax deeply and he then created situations that
would cause anxiety by working with minor ones
and then with more top level anxiety producing
situations.
Joseph Wolpe
Social Psychology
Leon Festinger
Philip Zimbardo
Solomon Asch
Stanley Milgram
Best known for his work on cognitive dissonancerealized most people change attitude when their
attitudes and actions are inconsistent
Known for the Stanford Prison study- showed the
power of deindividuation
Known for line experiment that showed the
powers of normative social influence
Famous for “shock study” that showed that
humans tend to be very obedient to authority