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Organic molecules are carbon based
There are many different organic molecules
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Simplest organic molecules- hydrocarbons
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Diverse Organic Molecules are possible
because carbon can bond to carbon and form
 Long chains
 Ring structures
 Single , double or triple bonds
 isomers
 We can form many different carbon skeletons
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Others groups of atoms are added to the
carbon skeleton to create molecules with
different chemical properties- Functional
groups
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Carboxyl – weak acid, in acids, including
amino acids
Carbonyl- polar, found in ketones and
aldehydes, sugars
Hydroxyl- polar, in alcohols
Amino- weak base, found in amino acids
Phosphate- polar, found in DNA and the
energy molecule ATP
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Four classes of organic macromolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
 Carbs, Proteins and Nucleic acids are polymers
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Polymer- a large molecule consisting of
many smaller similar subunits called
monomers
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Polymers are formed by connecting
monomers in a dehydration reaction. This
produces water as a waste.
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Polymers are digested by adding water and
creating monomers- Hydrolysis reaction
1.
Monosaccharides
2.
Disaccharides
3.
Polysaccharides
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Molecular formula- CH2O
Contain carbonyl and hydroxyl groups
building blocks of disaccharides and
polysaccharides
Glucose- main cellular fuel
Fructose- fruit sugar
Ribose, deoxyribose – sugars found in
nucleic acids
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When two monosaccharides are linked by a
dehydration reaction a discaccharide forms
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Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose= Lactose
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Long chains of monosaccharides are
polysaccharides
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Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
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Lipids – also called fats or triglycerides
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Are hydrophobic- do not mix in water
Made of glycerol and three fatty acids
linked by dehydration synthesis
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May be saturated – have no double bonds so
carbons have all of the hydrogens possible
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Unsaturated – at least one double bond,
missing hydrogens
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Fats store energy (2x as much as an equal
mass of carb)
Waterproof
Cushion
Insulate
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Come from animals
Are solids at room temp
Are generally not very healthy for you and
should be limited in your diet
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Come from Plants (with one exception) and
are liquids at room temperature
Are generally healthier for us
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Polyunsaturated fats are found in some types
of fish and have been found to help lower
cholesterol.
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Liquid oils are turned into solids by adding
hydrogens to them
This process creates Trans Fat – which has
been linked with heart disease
Is in most baked goods
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The building of lipid deposits in artery walls
Reduces blood flow
Plays a role in heart disease
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Waxes- one fatty acid linked to an alcohol
Phospholipids- one glycerol, 2fatty acids and
a phosphate in place of the third fatty acidmake up cell membranes
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Steroids are made of three 6 sided rings and
one five sided ring
Cholesterol is a steroid associated with
saturated fat
Estrogen and testosterone are made from
cholesterol
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Synthetic testosterones which build bone and
muscle mass
May lead to mood disturbance, liver damage,
high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, in
adolescents bones may stop growing, and
acne and baldness (both are influenced by
testosterone)
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Males will reduce the production of natural
male hormone which may impair normal
reproductive function and fertility.
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Females have very little testosterone in their
system naturally so they may experience
disrupted menstrual cycles, and develop male
traits like facial hair, voice deepening etc