Chapter 12 Motivation pt. 2: Sexual
Motivation, Belongingness, and
Achievement Motivation
Alfred Kinsey
 Considered
the father of the
study of human sexuality for
conducting his studies in the
1940’s.
 Studies showed that there
were wide variations in
“normal” sexual practices of
individuals and that
premarital sex was
commonplace.
Criticism of Kinsey’s Studies
18,000
people
1940s-1950s
Sample was
unrepresentative
Well
educated whites
Misleading
questions
Sexual Response Cycle
 Following
Kinsey’s studies, scientists
looked to identify typical sexual reactions
among volunteers in the 1960’s.
 Master and Johnson filmed and identified
the sexual response cycle: refers to
the four stages of sexual response:
 1. Excitement
 2. Plateau
 3. Orgasm
 4. Resolution
Sexual Response Cycle
1. Excitement: blood flows to the genital
areas causing both sexes’ genitals to enlarge.
 2. Plateau: peak of the excitement phase;
breathing increases; penal and vaginal
secretions increase.
 3. Orgasm: ejaculation in the male and
vaginal contractions in the female.
 4. Resolution phase: body returns to
unaroused state. In males, enter refractory
period: resting period where they cannot
have another orgasm.

Hormones and Sexual Behavior
 Certain
hormones help activate sexual
fertility, putting animals in “heat.”
 Females become sexually receptive when
estrogen (sex hormone greater in
females) peaks during ovulation.
 Testosterone levels also effect sex drive
in both males and females.
 Hormones are monitored by
Hypothalamus.
Effect of External Stimuli on
Sexual Motivation
Studies
have shown that both
males and females are both
aroused by seeing, hearing, or
reading erotic material.
Some psychologists have argued
that sexual explicit materials can
have negative effects. How?
 Sexual
Sexual Disorders
Disorders: a problem that
consistently impairs sexual arousal or
functioning.
 In Men:
 Premature
Ejaculation: ejaculation before
they or their partners wish.
 Impotence: inability to maintain an
erection.
 In
Women
 Orgasmic
Disorder: infrequent or never
experiencing an orgasm.
Cultural Norms Also Have Strong
Impact on Sexual Behavior
40%
Percentage
of births
to unwed
mothers
35
30
25
United States
20
15
Canada
10
5
Britain
0
Japan
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
Teen Pregnancy
1. Ignorance
2. Guilt related to sexual
arousal/behavior
3. Minimal communication about
birth control
4. Alcohol
5. Mass media “acceptance” of
unprotected sex
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFvRAGs9sSU&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Sexual Orientation
Sexual
Orientation: an
enduring sexual attraction
toward members of either
one’s own gender
(homosexual orientation) or
the other gender
(heterosexual orientation)
Possible Causes of Homosexuality?
 Have
found brain differences between
heterosexual men and homosexual men
and women. Hard to get at causation.
 Identical twin brothers, 52% both will be
gay. Genes not everything.
 Prenatal exposure to certain hormones.
 Most psychologists believe that nature
more than nurture influences sexual
orientation but the answer has not been
completely solved.
Changing Attitudes towards
Homosexuality
 People
who believe homosexuality to be
biological tend to be more accepting.
100%
Extramarital sex is “always wrong”
80
60
Homosexual sex is “always wrong”
40
20
1987
0
1998
Year
Belongingness Motivation
 Idea
that humans do not live as
islands are motivated to connect to
others.
 Aids Survival
 Creates Relationships.
Achievement Motivation
Achievement Motivation: desire to
accomplish things and attaining a high
standard.
 2 Types of Achievement Motivation:
1. Intrinsic Motivation: performing task
for its own sake.
2. Extrinsic Motivation: performing task
because of you will receive rewards or
punishments.

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’
Controlling reward
Child: “As long as she pays,
I’ll study.’’
Extrinsic motivation
Mom: “Your grades were great!
Let’s celebrate by going out
for dinner.’’
Informative reward
Child: “I love doing well.’’
Intrinsic motivation
The Art of Motivating People
Industrial
Psychology: subfield
of psychology that
studies workplace
behavior. Looks to
understand how to
boost productivity and
morale.
 Personnel Psychology
 Organizational
psychology

Leadership Styles: 2 Types
 Task
Leadership: focuses on
goals of organization (the tasks
at hand).
 Social
Leadership: group
oriented leadership focused on
relationship building. Teamwork
and mediation of conflict.
Leadership Theories
 Theory
X: assumes that workers are
stupid, error prone, and extrinsically
motivated. Need to be directed from
above.
 Theory Y: assumes that workers are
motivated to achieve self esteem and
should be challenged and given freedom.