Unit One
Chapter One
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Chapter Two
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Chapter Three
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Chapter 1
Section 1: Converging Cultures
The Earliest Americans
• How early did humans arrive to the Americas?
– No one knows for sure.
– 10,000 years ago. 30,000 years ago.
• Originally these people were nomads.
– Soon they developed into permanent settlements.
• Civilization in the Americas was born.
The Earliest Americans
• The first civilization to develop in the
Americas was the Olmec in Mexico.
• Followed by Aztecs and Maya.
• 300 AD – Hohokam civilization begins in
Arizona.
Columbus
• Christopher Columbus
– An Italian sailing for Spain searching for a route to
Asia.
– 1492 – Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
– He landed on modern-day San Salvador Island.
• He believed he was in Asia.
Other Expeditions
• Europeans learn that America is not Asia.
– They name the new land America in honor of
Amerigo Vespucci.
– 1494 – treaty gives Spanish rights to most of these
new lands.
– Conquistadors defeat many native tribes and begin
building an empire.
Other Expeditions
• How are the Spanish able to defeat the native
people?
– 1521 – Hernan Cortez defeats the Aztecs.
– 1532 – Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca.
Cultural Exchanges
• Native Americans introduce Europeans to new
things.
– Foods like corn, squash, pumpkins, chocolate, and
chewing gum.
– Canoes, snowshoes, and ponchos.
• Europeans introduce Native Americans to…
– Wheat, rice, coffee, bananas, citrus fruits, and
domesticated livestock.
Cultural Exchanges
• Europeans also bring some not so positive
things.
– Germs – influenza, measles, chicken pox, typhus,
smallpox.
– With no immunities millions die.
– Military conquests cost them their lives, land, and
way of life.
More Expeditions
• French and British begin explorations to the
new world.
– England sends John Cabot (discovers Canada in
1497).
– Jacques Cartier sails for France.
• They do not establish successful colonies unitl
the 1600s.
New France
• 1608 – Samuel de Champlain founded the
outpost of Quebec.
– Fur trade with natives begins.
• Soon the French begin to expanding to the
south.
– Explore to the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico.
– Name the area Louisiana.
– Founded New Orleans.
– They begin growing sugar cane, rice and tobacco.
– Begin to import slaves for labor.
Jamestown
• Jamestown
– Founded in Virginia.
– Source of raw materials and outlets for British
goods.
– Colony prospers by growing tobacco.
– 1619 – Colonists form a House of Burgesses to
make their own laws.
Plymouth Colony
• King James persecuted a group of Puritans.
– They were called separatists because they wanted to be
separate from the Anglican church.
– They sought religious freedom.
• 1620
– The Pilgrims set sail on the Mayflower.
– Upon arrival they draft the Mayflower Compact.
– They befriended the local Wampanoag people and had
a harvest celebration – the first Thanksgiving.
• Ten years later the Massachusetts Bay Colony is
formed.
New England Grows
• Religious dissention leads to other colonies.
– Roger Williams gets banned from Massachusetts.
– Heads south and founds the town of Providence.
– Anne Hutchinson joins him.
– 1644 – The colony of Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations is formed.
• 1679 – colony of New Hampshire forms.
New England Grows
• Reverend Thomas Hooker
– Disagreed with policy that only churchgoers could
vote.
– Moves his congregation to Connecticut valley.
– Adopt America’s first written constitution –
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – allowing all
adult men to vote and hold office.
New England Life
• Puritan town life
– Towns included a meetinghouse (church), school,
and marketplace.
– During town meetings locals would discuss
problems.
– This would lead to the creation of a local
government.
– People begin to believe in their right to selfgovernment.
Issues With Natives
• 1637 – War breaks out between English and
the Pequot.
– Pequot nearly exterminated.
• 1670s – Colonial governments demand that
Natives follow English laws and customs.
– 1675 – Plymouth Colony executes three
Wampanoag for murder.
– King Philip’s War – named after Wampanoag
leader Metacomet.
– 1678 – Few natives left in New England.
The Middle Colonies
• Dutch – Make claims to land south of
Connecticut.
– Henry Hudson – discovers the Hudson River
Valley in New York.
– New Netherland on Manhattan Island.
Changes
• Charles II of England – Seizes New
Netherland.
– Gives it to his brother and part of it is renamed
New York.
– The rest becomes New Jersey.
William Penn
• William Penn
– His colony would have religious freedom and
people would have a voice in government.
– Would help fellow Quakers escape persecution.
– They objected to mandatory taxes and military
service.
– Oppose violence as a means to settle disputes.
– Penn’s colony will be named Pennsylvania.
• Land on the coast in the east will become
Delaware.
The Southern Colonies
• Tobacco is king.
– Virginia and Maryland are proprietary colonies.
– Owned by an individual who could govern it any
way they wanted (appoint officials, coin money,
impose taxes, raise an army).
• George Calvert – owner of Virginia.
– Makes Virginia a refuge for Catholics.
– Most that come are Protestant.
The Southern Colonies
• Toleration Act (1649) – Maryland.
– Grants religious toleration to all Christians in the
colony.
• Charles II gives some land to eight men.
– This land is known as Carolina.
– Soon becomes – North and South Carolina.
• Georgia
– Started by James Oglethorpe as a colony where
England’s poor could start over.
Southern Life
• Agriculture is the main focus.
• Many in England become indentured servants.
– People who signed contracts with colonists to
receive free passage in return for four or more
years of work, food, clothing, and shelter.
• Reliance on African slaves grow.
Crisis Over Land
• More people want land. There’s not enough
land for everyone. Why?
– Most opposed expansion because they did not
want to risk war with the natives.
• Bacon’s Rebellion – Nathaniel Bacon
– Leads to westward expansion in Virginia.
– More reliance on slaves and slave trade.
– They no longer have to be freed.
Chapter 1
Section 2: A Diverse Society
Growth of the Colonies
• Population of the colonies grow.
– High birth rates and improved housing and
sanitation.
– Disease (typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera) remain a
problem.
• Triangular Trade
– Trade between the colonies, England, Caribbean
sugar planters, and Africa.
Growth of the Colonies
• Social Hierarchy
– Wealthy Merchants.
– Artisans (skilled workers), innkeepers, shop
owners.
– Lower class – No skills, no property.
– Indentured servants.
– Slaves.
Immigration
• Hundreds of thousands of people come to the
colonies.
– Germans – escaping religious wars.
– Scots-Irish – escaping high taxes, religious
discrimination.
– Jews – religious reasons as well.
Women
• Women do not have equal rights.
• At first, women could not:
– Own property
– Make contracts or wills
• Husbands:
– Were sole guardians of children.
– Allowed to physically discipline children and
wives.
• Single women had more rights.
Slaves
• Between 1450 and 1870
– 10 to 12 million Africans were enslaved and sent
to the Americas.
– About 2 million died in route.
– Referred to as the Middle Passage.
Slaves
• 1775
– 540,000 slaves in the United States (20% of
population).
• Slave Codes – Kept slaves from:
– Owning property.
– Testifying against whites.
– Being educated.
– Moving about freely.
– Meeting in large groups.
Slaves
• Roots Slave Sale Video
Acts
• Charles II – Navigation Acts
– All goods shipped from the colony be on English
ships.
• The Staple Act
– All colonial imports had to go through England.
– Increased price of goods in the colonies.
– Merchants begin smuggling products to Europe,
the Caribbean, and Africa.
The Glorious Revolution
• King James II
– Catholic.
– People did not want a Catholic dynasty.
– James’s Protestant daughter Mary claims the
throne with her husband William.
– Known as the “Glorious Revolution.”
– Suggest that revolution is justified when individual
rights were violated.
The Enlightenment
• The Age of Enlightenment
– John Locke – People are not born sinful. Their
minds are blank slates that society and education
could shape for the better.
– Rousseau – Government should be formed by the
consent of the people who would make their own
laws.
– Montesquieu – Three types of political power –
executive, legislative, and judicial. Should be
divided into three branches to protect the liberty of
the people.
The Great Awakening
• The Great Awakening
– Widespread resurgence of religious fervor.
– All people are equal before God.
– Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists embrace
new ideas.
• The Enlightenment and Great Awakening
incline Americans towards political
independence.
Chapter 1
Section 3: The American Revolution
French and Indian War
• French and Indian War
– Fighting between British and French in frontier.
– Natives allied with the French.
• Treaty of Paris (1763)
– The British triumph.
– Treaty gives British all French territory east of the
Mississippi except New Orleans.
– Also gain Florida from Spain.
Unpopular Regulations
• Proclamation of 1763
– Tried to halt expansion into Native American lands.
– King George III wanted to avoid another war with
natives.
– Colonists wanted access to the Ohio River Valley.
• Customs Controls
– Sugar Act of 1764 – raised taxes on sugar, molasses,
silk, wine, and coffee.
– Quartering Act of 1765 – colonists had to provide
shelter for British troops.
– Stamp Act of 1765 – required stamps to be bought and
placed on printed materials.
Unpopular Regulations
• Stamp Act Congress
– Only representatives elected by the colonists had
the right to tax them.
– “No taxation without representation.”
– When the Stamp Act took effect, colonists ignored
it and boycotted British goods.
– Stamp Act is repealed.
Townshend Acts
• Townshend Acts
– New customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint,
and tea.
• March 5, 1770 – Boston
– Colonists began taunting a British soldier guarding
a customs house.
– British troops opened fire and killed five colonists.
– Known as the Boston Massacre.
– Townshend Acts repealed except the one on tea.
Tea Act
• Tea Act
– Favored British East India company.
– American merchants outraged.
– Boston – 150 men dump 342 chests of tea overboard –
Boston Tea Party.
• Coercive Acts
– Used to punish Massachusetts.
– One law shut down Boston’s port until tea was paid
for.
– 2,000 troops stationed in New England.
– Referred to as the Intolerable Acts.
First Continental Congress
• First Continental Congress
– Protest the Intolerable Acts.
– Approved a plan to boycott British goods.
Revolution
• Revolution begins in Massachusetts.
– Minute-men – men who were trained and ready to
go at a minute’s notice.
• Some colonists still felt a loyalty to the King.
– Called “Loyalists” or “Tories.”
• Those who thought the British were tyrants?
– “Patriots.”
Revolution
• April 18, 1775 – British troops set out from
Boston heading for Concord.
– Old North Church – “One if by land, two if by
sea.”
– Messengers carry word ahead of them – Paul
Revere.
• Lexington
– First shot of the war (the Shot Heard ‘round the
World).
Revolution
• Second Continental Congress
– Adopted the “militia.”
– Chose George Washington as commander.
– Successes of the militia builds American
confidence.
Independence
• Olive Branch Petition
– Sent to King George III to resolve grievances
peacefully.
– He rejected it.
• Thomas Payne – Common Sense
– King George III is a tyrant – time to declare
independence.
• July 4, 1776
– Congress issues the Declaration of Independence.
– The colonies are now the United States of America.
– American Revolution officially started.
Independence
• Continental Army (Video) (Video)
– Could not match the British in size and funding.
– They were fighting on home ground.
– Also made use of unconventional, guerilla tactics.
Victory
• Yorktown
– Last major battle (1781).
– British General Cornwallis surrendered.
– The war ends.
• Treaty of Paris
– British recognize the United States.
– Mississippi River is the western border.
Chapter 1
Section 4: The Constitution
Something New
• Creating a Republic
– Power resides with citizens.
– Citizens entitled to vote.
– Power exercised by elected officials.
– Elected officials responsible to the citizens.
– Must govern according to a constitution.
– All people are equal under the law.
– What about women and slaves?
State Constitutions
• State Constitutions
– Call for separation of powers among executive,
legislative, and judicial branches.
– Bi-cameral legislatures.
– List of rights guaranteeing essential freedoms.
Societal Changes
• Changes in Society
– Greater separation of church and state.
– Expanded voting rights – any white male taxpayer.
– Women gain greater access to education and the
ability to get a divorce.
– Many northern states begin to gradually abolish
slavery.
National Government
• Articles of Confederation
– United the states under a single governing body –
Congress.
– Congress has very limited powers.
– Americans do not want to risk a government that
becomes tyrannical.
• Congress
– Could negotiate with other nations, raise armies,
and declare war.
– Could not regulate trade or impose taxes.
National Government
• Problems with the Articles
– States did not have uniform trade policies.
– Country falls into recession because Congress could
not collect taxes to pay debts.
– States issued their own currency which lost value and
weakened the economy.
• Shays’s Rebellion
– Poor farmers protest new taxes.
– Led by Daniel Shays.
– Convinces people of the need for a stronger central
government.
Constitutional Convention
• May 1787 – Philadelphia
– 55 delegates (from all states except Rhode Island)
meet.
– Articles are abandoned.
– George Washington chosen as presiding officer.
• Agreements
– Stronger national government.
– Power to levy taxes and make laws.
– Government divided into three branches.
Constitutional Convention
• Debate – Representation
– Large states want representation based on population.
– Small states feared they would be outvoted.
– Each state should have an equal vote.
• Great Compromise
–
–
–
–
Congress divided into two houses.
House – representation determined by population.
Senate – each state would have equal representation.
House elected by the people; Senate elected by state
legislatures.
Constitutional Convention
• Who is counted towards population? Slaves?
• Three-Fifths Compromise
– Every five slaves would count as three persons.
Framework of Government
• Popular Sovereignty
– Rule by the people.
– Representative system of government.
• Federalism
– Power is divided between national and state.
• Separation of Powers
– Legislative – Congress (House and Senate) would
make laws.
– Executive – President would enforce laws.
– Judicial – Courts would interpret laws and render
judgments.
Constitutional Convention
• Checks and Balances
– Prevents any one branch from becoming too
powerful.
• What if the Constitution needed to be revised?
– A process is created to add amendments to the
Constitution.
Ratification
• Constitution sent to the states for ratification
– 9 of 13 states needed.
• Debates begin
– Supporters were called Federalists.
– Opponents were called Anti-Federalists.
Ratification
• Opposition in Massachusetts
– Constitution failed to safeguard individual rights.
– Federalists promised a Bill of Rights (first ten
amendments) .
• June of 1788
– Nine states have ratified.
– Virginia and New York (30% of population) had
not.
– Could new government succeed without their
support.
Ratification
• Compromise is reached in Virginia and New
York.
• May 1790
– All states had ratified the new Constitution.
– George Washington is chosen as the new president.
Chapter 2
Section 1: The New Republic
Building A Cabinet
• The first cabinet consisted of:
– Department of State – Thomas Jefferson.
– Department of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton.
– Attorney General.
• Supreme Court
– John Jay – First Chief Justice.
Financial Troubles
• Government inherited a huge debt.
• Alexander Hamilton
– Proposes plan to pay off all debts including state
debts.
– Calls for the creation of a national bank.
– Establishing a bank not an enumerated power –
specifically mentioned in the constitution.
– It was needed – “necessary and proper” – so the
government could collect taxes and provide for the
common defense.
D.C.
• District of Columbia
– Hamilton gets approval after agreeing to put the
nation’s capital in the South.
– First bank established for twenty years.
Whiskey Rebellion
• 1791
– Congress enacts an unpopular tax on whiskey.
• Whiskey Rebellion
– 13,000 troops used to crush the Whiskey Rebellion
in the west.
– (Video 4:10)
Rise of Political Parties
• Federalists
– Hamilton supporters.
– Strong national government led by the rich.
– Manufacturing and trade were key.
• Democratic-Republicans (Republicans)
– Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
– Favored strict limits on federal government and
protection of states’ rights.
– Agriculture was the key.
Washington’s Farewell Address
• George Washington
– Warned of the dangers of party politics and
sectionalism (North against South and East against
West).
– Steer clear of alliances with any part of the foreign
world.
Alien and Sedition Acts
• The Federalist majority in Congress resented
Republican criticism.
– Pass the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
– One law made it a crime to say or print anything
false or scandalous against the federal government
or official.
– Also made it harder for aliens (foreigners) to gain
citizenship – they usually voted Republican.
Election of 1800
• Federalists John Adams vs. Republican
Thomas Jefferson
– Republican Aaron Burr ran for vice president.
– Jefferson wins the election.
• Flaw:
– Constitution does not allow citizens to directly
vote for president.
– Instead, each state chooses electors.
Election of 1800
• Continued…
– Each elector would cast one vote for president and one for
vice president.
– The intent was for one elector not to vote for vice president
to avoid a tie.
– When votes were counted Jefferson and Burr each had 73
votes.
– Federalist controlled house then had to choose a president.
– Jefferson is chosen.
• 12th Amendment: separate ballots for president and
vice-president.
Westward Expansion
• Napoleon Bonaparte of France
– Offers to sell the Louisiana Territory to finance his
plans for European conquest.
• Louisiana Purchase
– The United States pays $15 million for the
territory.
– Land area = 828,000 mi2.
– Doubles the size of the country.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition (Video)
War of 1812
• Causes
– British seizing American ships at sea.
– Impressment – kidnap sailors to serve in the
British navy.
• British
– Burn the White House and the Capitol building in
D.C.
– Bombard Baltimore Harbor.
War of 1812
• Francis Scott Key (Video)
– Wrote the “Star Spangled Banner” after seeing the
flag still flying at dawn.
• Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)
– Ends the war with the U.S. victorious.
• January 8, 1815
– General Andrew Jackson defeats the British in the
Battle of New Orleans. (Video)
Chapter 2
Section 2: The Growth of a Nation
Era of Good Feelings
• American Nationalism
– Americans begin to consider themselves to be part
of a whole.
• Known as the “Era of Good Feelings.”
Federalists
• End of the Federalists Party
– Federalists lose influence after War of 1812
– Republicans begin to believe that a stronger
federal government was necessary.
– More and more join the Republican Party.
– By 1820 the Federalists Party is gone.
• 1820 election – all candidates are Republican.
Republicans
• Republican Programs
– Republicans have always opposed a national bank.
– Blocked the renewal of the first bank.
– Private banks issue own money.
– No national bank to regulate currency.
• Republicans change their minds
– Create the Second Bank of the United States.
– Bank given the power to issue notes that would
serve as a national currency.
Tariff
• Protective Tariff
– Protect manufacturers from foreign competition.
– An influx of cheaper British goods after the War of
1812.
– A protective Tariff was a tax used to drive up the
prices of imports.
Monroe Doctrine
• Nationalist Diplomacy
– Spanish ceded Florida to the United States.
– Spanish colonies in the Americas begin declaring
their independence.
– Russia takes claim to Alaska and encroaches on the
Oregon Country.
• President James Monroe issues the Monroe
Doctrine.
– Declares that the American continents would no
longer be subject to future colonization by
European powers.
Transportation
• Transportation Revolution
– National Road (1806) – connected Cumberland,
Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois.
– Toll roads become popular.
– Rivers offer more efficient and cheaper way to
move goods.
– Steamboat – allowed boats to travel upriver.
– Robert Fulton – first successful steamboat.
– Most important transportation innovation of time
period – the train.
Industrial Revolution
• Industrialization begins in the Northeast
– Utilized waterpower.
– Use of interchangeable parts – popularized by Eli
Whitney.
– Leads to mass production of goods.
• Innovations
– Sewing machine – inexpensive clothes could be mass
produced.
– Canning – food storage with no spoilage.
– 1832 – Samuel Morse perfects the telegraph and
develops Morse Code.
Immigration
• 1815 – 1860
– 5 million foreigners come to America.
– Many settle in cities providing a steady source of
cheap labor.
– Not always welcomed.
• Nativism
– A preference for native-born people and a desire to
limit immigration.
– Movements to keep foreign-born and Catholics from
holding office.
– Members of these movements become the KnowNothings.
Factories
• 1860
– 1.3 million factory workers.
– Included women and children; worked for less.
– Factory workers got low pay and worked 12 hour
days.
– Some begin to form labor unions but have little
power.
Agriculture
• Agriculture is still king.
• South
– Few cities and less industry.
– Focus in south on crops like tobacco, rice, and
sugarcane.
– Cotton is by far the biggest crop.
Agriculture
• King Cotton
– Tedious work – it took a worker an entire day to
remove cotton seeds from one pound of cotton by
hand.
– Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin – quickly
removes the seeds from the pod.
– Cotton production soars and so does slavery.
– Saying: “Cotton is King.”
Slavery
• As cotton spreads so does demand for slaves.
– 1808 – Congress outlawed foreign slave trade.
– High birthrate – encouraged by slave owners –
kept the population growing.
– Slave numbers increase from 1.5 million to 3.2
million.
– Slaves account for 37% of the south’s population.
– (Video 1 4 mins)
st
Slavery
• Role
– Most slaves worked in the fields on small farms.
– Some were house servants or worked in trades.
– Music and religion helped slaves endure the
horrors of slavery.
• Resistance
– Work slow-downs, breaking tools, running away or
violence.
Chapter 2
Section 3: Growing Division and Reform
Westward
• People increasingly move west.
– Many states grow large enough to apply for
statehood.
– Problems arise in Missouri.
Missouri Compromise
• 1819
– Missouri applies for statehood.
– Issue: Should slavery expand westward.
– 11 free states and 11 slave states.
– A new state would upset the balance in the Senate.
• Northerners oppose expanding slavery –
morally wrong.
• Southerners feared that with enough non-slave
states the North could outlaw slavery.
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri Compromise
– Missouri sought admission as a slave state.
– The following year Maine sought statehood.
– Senate decides to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri
as a slave state.
• Amendment added to prohibit slavery north of
Missouri’s south boundary.
– Southerners agreed – northern areas unsuitable for farming.
• Problem:
– Missouri constitutional convention added a clause
prohibiting free African Americans from entering the state.
– They later agreed not to enforce it.
Election of 1824
• Four Republicans ran for president.
– Andrew Jackson led in popular and electoral votes.
– Did not have the majority of electoral votes
needed.
– Decision went to the House who would pick the
president from the three with the most votes.
– Henry Clay eliminated – also Speaker of the
House.
– Clay supports John Quincy Adams.
– Adams wins easily and makes Clay his secretary of
state.
Election of 1824
• Jackson immediately protests.
– Jackson and his followers form the Democratic
Republican Party or Democrats.
– This Democratic Party still exists today.
• Adams and his followers become known as
National Republicans.
– Not modern Republicans.
Election of 1828
• John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson
– Jackson won easily.
• Spoils System
– Appointing people to government jobs based on
party loyalty and support.
– Opened up government to ordinary citizens.
Nullification Crisis
• South Carolina depends on manufactured goods from
England.
– Tariffs make those goods expensive.
– A new tariff – the Tariff of Abominations – leads to South
Carolinians threatening to secede.
– Nullification – states had the right to declare federal law
not valid.
• 1832
– Another tariff law was passed and South Carolina nullifies
it.
– Jackson declares it treason and sent a warship to
Charleston.
• Crisis averted: Congress passes a bill that would lower
tariffs gradually.
Native Americans
• Jackson wants to ensure the survival of natives but also
wants to keep them out of the way of white settlers.
• Indian Removal Act
– Helped states relocate Native Americans to places west of
the Mississippi.
• Cherokee Tribe appeals to Supreme Court.
– Chief Justice agrees with them.
– Jackson does it anyway.
• President Martin Van Buren
– Sent in the army to forcibly remove the Cherokee.
– Trail of Tears – thousands of Cherokees died on the march
westward.
New Party
• Jackson forces the Second Bank to end.
– In response, the Whig Party forms.
– Whigs wanted to expand the federal government.
Election of 1840
• Whig candidate William Henry Harrison won
easily. (Video 30:23)
– Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and territorial
governor of Indiana.
– He spoke at his inauguration for two hours in bitter
cold with no coat or hat.
– He died one month later of pneumonia.
– Vice President John Tyler took over.
Second Great Awakening
• Religious leaders organize to revive
Americans’ commitment to religion.
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints –
(Mormons)
– Endure harassment in the East and Midwest.
– Joseph Smith leads them west to settle in the Utah
Territory – Salt Lake City.
Social Reform
• Reformers – many women.
– Saw the excessive use of alcohol as causing more
crime, poverty, and family damage than any other vice.
• Temperance – moderation of the use of alcohol.
– Temperance groups form across the country.
– American Temperance Union forms.
– Many states pass prohibition laws.
• Other reforms:
– Penitentiaries – prisoners were to be rehabilitated.
– Public education – government funded schools open to
all. (slaves?)
Women
• Women’s Movement
– Women still do not have the right to vote.
– Home was the proper place, the outside world was
dangerous.
– Many seek better educational opportunities for
girls.
• Seneca Falls Convention in New York (1848)
– Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton.
– Declaration of Sentiments – proposed a focus on
women’s suffrage or right to vote. (Video)
Abolition
• Abolitionist Movement
– How could country remain true to its ideals of liberty
and equality if it continued to enslave humans.
– Slavery seen as a sin.
– Early societies advocate gradual end to slavery to give
the south time to adjust.
• American Colonization Society (1816)
– Encouraged African Americans to resettle Africa.
– Between 12,000 and 20,000 African Americans
resettled the west coast of Africa.
– Became the nation of Liberia.
Abolition
• Later antislavery movements called for
immediate emancipation.
• Frederick Douglas
– Former slave who published an anti-slavery
newspaper called the North Star.
• Northern Opposition
– Northern whites feared abolition would bring a
destructive war between the north and south.
• Southerners dependent on slaves and defend
the institution.
Abolition
• 1831 – 50 whites were killed in Virginia in a
slave rebellion – Nat Turner’s Rebellion.
– Southerners threatened to leave the union if the
abolition movement was not suppressed.
– Abolitionists are not deterred.
Chapter 2
Section 4: Manifest Destiny and Crisis
Pushing West
• Manifest Destiny
– The idea that the nation was meant to spread to the
Pacific.
– Many set their sights on Oregon and California.
– Popular routes to the West: Oregon Trail, California
Trail, and Santa Fe Trail.
• Effects on Natives
–
–
–
–
Plains Indians came to resent the settlers.
Posed a threat to their way of life.
They feared the loss of the buffalo herds.
Treaty of Fort Laramie – the United States promised
that defined territories would belong to Native
Americans forever.
Texas
• Mexico initially encouraged people to settle the
Mexican region of Texas.
– Tension – Americans refused to follow Mexico’s
conditions for settlement.
– Sam Houston and Stephen Austin lead Texans in
separating from Mexico and creating their own
government.
• The Alamo.
• 1936
– Texans defeat Mexico and soon voted in favor of
joining the United States.
– They wanted to enter as a slave state.
– Texas finally gets statehood in 1945.
Oregon Territory
• U.S. and Britain decide to divide Oregon along
the 49th parallel.
• This land later becomes Oregon, Washington,
and Idaho.
War With Mexico
• Mexican government upset about Texas
joining the Union.
– Debate over southern border of Texas.
– The U.S. tries to buy California but Mexico
refuses.
– Lacking a diplomatic solution the two countries go
to war.
• Northern California
– Settlers revolt declaring the Bear Flag Republic.
War With Mexico
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
– Mexico gave the United States more than 500,000
square miles of territory.
– Rio Grande set as southern border of Texas.
– The United States paid Mexico over $18,000,000
in return.
• Manifest Destiny had been realized.
• Slave debate in the west will soon create more
problems.
Impact of War
• Wilmot Proviso
– Slavery nor involuntary servitude would never
exist in any territory the U.S. had gained from
Mexico.
– House passes it, but the Senate refuses to debate it.
• Proposal
– Each new territory should be allowed to decide for
themselves if they wanted slavery or not.
– Idea becomes known as popular sovereignty.
– Congress supports it because it removed the
slavery issue from national politics.
Compromise
• 1848 – gold discovered in Sacramento, California.
– News spread to the East Coast creating the California
Gold Rush.
– 1849 – 80,000 “Forty-Niners” head to California.
– California decided to apply for statehood as a free
state.
• There are 15 free and 15 slave states.
– Fearing slave states would become a minority many
southern politicians begin to talk of secession.
• Compromise of 1850
– California would become a free state and rest of
Mexican cessions would have no restrictions on
slavery.
Slavery
• Fugitive Slave Act
– A slaveholder or slave catcher had only to point out
alleged runaways to have them taken into custody.
– Since they had no right to testify on their own behalf,
even free African Americans had no way to prove their
case.
– Testimony from white witnesses was all that was
needed for the person to be sent south.
– Federal commissioners earned $10 to judge in favor of
slaveholders; judgments for the accused paid only $5.
– Citizens could be deputized by federal marshals to
help capture runaways.
Slavery
• Underground Railroad
– A well-organized network of abolitionist that
helped slaves flee north.
• “Conductors”
– People who transported slaves in secret and gave
them food and shelter.
– Harriet Tubman – most famous conductor. (Video)
• Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Territorial Problems
• Problems
– Transcontinental railroad is needed for the
territories.
– Senator Stephen A. Douglas wants the railroad to
start in Chicago.
– Organizes Nebraska Territory.
– Some senators block the bill wanting slavery to be
allowed.
– Douglas agrees to divide the territory in two.
– Nebraska would be free; Kansas would by slave.
– Known as the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
“Bleeding Kansas”
• More Problems:
– Hundreds of northerners go to Kansas to create a
anti-slavery majority.
– Thousands of Missourians cross the border to vote
illegally and create a pro-slave government.
– Anti-slavery group drafts their own constitution
anyway.
– March 1956 – two governments in Kansas.
“Bleeding Kansas”
• “Bleeding Kansas”
– More northerners move to Kansas.
– “Border Ruffians” begin to attack.
– Territorial civil war starts.
– The delicate balance created by the Missouri
Compromise becomes obsolete.
– Kansas eventually becomes a free state.
Republicans
• 1854 – Free-Soilers and anti-slavery democrats
form the Republican Party.
– Goal: Stop southern planters from controlling the
party.
– Slavery should not be abolished, but kept out of
the territories.
– This is the modern day Republican Party.
Dred Scott
• Dred Scott
– Missouri slave that had been taken to work in the
north.
– When he returned he sued for his freedom – living
in free territory made him free.
• Supreme Court
– Ruled against him.
– African Americans were not citizens and could not
sue in the courts.
John Brown
• John Brown
– Abolitionist who opposed slavery with violence.
• 1859
– Brown decides to seize the federal arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia.
– He wanted to free and arm the enslaved people of the
area and begin a rebellion.
• October 15
– He and 18 men seize the arsenal.
– U.S. military commanded by Robert E. Lee force him
to surrender.
– He is tried, sentenced to death, and executed.
John Brown
• John Brown seen as a martyr for the antislavery cause.
• South begins to see the north as an enemy.
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Civil War Begins
Election of 1860
• April 1860
– Democrats gather in South Carolina to choose nominee for
president.
• Southern Democrats
– Uphold the Dred Scott decision and defend slaveholders
rights in territories.
• Northern Democrats
– Support popular sovereignty and against federal slave code
in territories.
• 50 Southern delegates storm out.
– No one could get enough votes to be the nominee.
– Later – Northern democrats will nominate Stephen Douglas
and Southern Democrats nominate John C. Breckenridge.
Election of 1860
• Whigs
– Worried of Southern secession – create a new party
called the Constitutional Union Party and run John
Bell.
– Their purpose was to uphold the Constitution.
Election of 1860
• Republicans stand no chance in the South.
– Need candidate who can sweep the North.
– Nominate Abraham Lincoln – popularity from his
debates with Stephen Douglas.
• Lincoln
– Slavery is morally wrong and should not spread to
territories.
• Republicans
– Affirm slavery will remain in Southern states.
• Democrats are divided and Lincoln wins the
electoral vote and becomes president.
Secession
• South – Lincoln’s election is seen as a threat to
their society and culture.
• First to secede – South Carolina.
• Compromise?
• John J. Crittenden – Crittenden’s Compromise
– Guarantee slavery where it already existed.
– Reinstate Missouri Compromise line and extend it to
California.
– Slavery prohibited north and permitted south of the
line.
• Lincoln requests that Republicans vote against it.
The Confederacy
• February 8, 1861
– Confederate States of America is declared.
• Confederate Constitution
– Acknowledged the independence of each state.
– Guaranteed slavery.
– Limited the president to a single six year term.
• Jefferson Davis chosen to be president.
Ft. Sumter
• Lincoln
– Announced his plan to resupply Fort Sumter in
Charleston Harbor.
• Davis
– Could not tolerate U.S. troops in South’s most vital
harbor.
– Demands the surrender of the fort before the supply
ship arrives.
– Fort Commander Robert Anderson refused to
surrender.
– Confederate forces bombard Ft. Sumter for 33 hours.
– No one is killed, but the Civil War had begun.
Border States
• Lincoln
– Cannot afford to lose slaveholding border states
Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri.
• Virginia’s secession
– Put a Confederate state across the river from D.C.
– If Maryland seceded, D.C. would be surrounded
by Confederate territory.
• Lincoln imposes martial law – military rule
– Prevents Maryland from leaving the Union.
Robert E. Lee
• General Robert E. Lee of Virginia
– One of the best senior officers in the U.S. Army.
– Offered the command of Union troops.
– He had spoken out against secession and thought
slavery was wrong.
– He also refused to fight against the South.
– He resigned his post to join the Confederacy.
– Hundreds of other officers join the Confederacy as
well.
– An advantage for the South.
Northern Advantages
• The North had many advantages.
– Population: North – 22 million; South – 9 million.
– 1860 – Almost 90% of the nation’s factories in the
North.
• Rail
– North has twice as many miles of railroad tracks.
– South has only one line connecting the western
states to the east.
– Very easy for North to disrupt the South’s rail
system.
Northern Advantages
• Financing – North
– Union also controls the national treasury.
– Northern banks hold large reserves; loan money to
the government.
– Congress passes the Legal Tender Act, creating a
national currency.
– Also allows the government to issue paper money
called greenbacks.
Northern Advantages
• Financing – South
– Most Southern planters are poor.
– Banks were small and had few reserves.
– Best hope was to tax trade but Union Navy began to
blockade ports.
– Resorted to direct taxation of the people.
– Many refuse to pay.
– South is forced to print paper money to pay its bills.
– Causes rapid inflation and it becomes almost
worthless.
Politics
• North disagrees over conscription
– Conscription – forcing people into military service
through a draft.
– Congress passes a conscription law but many
democrats oppose it.
• Problems for Jefferson Davis
– Confederate Constitution protects states’ rights and
limited central government’s power.
– Interferes with Davis’s ability to conduct the war.
Politics
• Europe
– European governments in a difficult situation.
– Union does not want European interference.
– Confederacy wants recognition and military aid.
– European textile factories depend on Southern
cotton.
– Southern planters agree to stop selling cotton to
French and British until they recognized the
Confederacy.
• French and British will stay out of the war.
Modern Warfare
• First modern war
• Technology
– New, more accurate bullets.
– Instead of standing in a straight line troops begin
to use trenches and barricades for protection.
• War of Attrition
– Attrition – The wearing down of one side by the
other through exhaustion of soldiers and resources.
Southern Strategy
• Strategy
– Southern generals would pick their battles
carefully.
– A defensive war of attrition would eventually force
the Union to tire of war and negotiate.
– Great pressure for South to go on offensive.
Northern Strategy
• Anaconda Plan
– Union blockade of Confederate ports.
– Send gunboats down the Mississippi to split the
Confederacy in two.
– The South would run out of resources and
surrender.
• Critics
– The strategy is too slow.
• Only a long war focused on destroying the
South’s armies had any chance of success.
Chapter 3
Section 2: Fighting the Civil War
First Major Battle
• Union assault on Confederate troops at Manassas
Junction, Virginia
– Only 25 miles south of D.C.
– Civilians dressed in their Sunday best and came to see the
battle.
– Thought the Union would win and the war would be over.
• Battle of Bull Run
– Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson helped the Confederates
defeat the North.
– The Union Army retreated, right through the people that
came to watch.
– Lincoln calls for an army of 500,000 men.
Naval War
• Lincoln proclaims a blockade of all
Confederate ports to stop their trade with the
world.
– Difficult to stop blockade runners – small, fast
vessels used to get past the blockade.
– The South was able to ship some cotton to Europe
in return for supplies.
• April 1862 – The Union captured New
Orleans, center of the cotton trade.
The West
• Ulysses S. Grant – Union General
– Campaign to seize the Cumberland and Tennessee
Rivers.
– Provided the Union with a river route into Confederate
territory.
• Battle of Shiloh
– Union goal: seize Corinth, Mississippi to cut the
South’s rail line between Mississippi and Tennessee.
– Confederates launched a surprise attack near Shiloh
church.
– Union won the battle.
• Twenty thousand troops were killed or wounded.
The East
• Union General George B. McClellan
– Plan to capture Confederate capital of Richmond, VA.
• Confederate Robert E. Lee
– Begins a series of attacks – Seven Days’ Battle.
– Union forced to retreat.
• Confederate forces march towards D.C.
– Leads to the Second Battle of Bull Run.
– Confederates win again – only 20 miles outside D.C.
– Lee invades Maryland.
The East
• Lee invades Maryland
– Invasion would convince North to accept Southern
independence.
– A victory on Northern soil would win recognition
from the British.
• September 17, 1862
– Lee’s forces met Union troops under McClellan at
Antietam Creek.
The East
• Battle of Antietam – Bloodiest one-day battle in
American history.
– Over 6,000 killed and another 16,000 wounded.
– Suffering too many casualties Lee retreats back to
Virginia.
• Crucial victory for the Union.
– British were ready to intervene as a mediator had Lee
succeeded.
– Were also ready to recognize the Confederacy.
– Lincoln now convinced to end slavery in the South.
Emancipation
• Most begin to support ending slavery
– To punish the south.
– To make soldiers’ sacrifices worth it.
• Emancipation Proclamation
– A decree freeing all enslaved persons in states still in
rebellion after January 1, 1863.
– Did not address slavery in the border states.
– Lincoln did not want to endanger their loyalty to the
Union.
• War transforms from one of preserving the Union
to a war of liberation.
Life During War
• South economy suffers
– Winter 1862 sees food shortages.
– Food shortages led to riots.
– Many Confederate soldiers deserted to return home
to help their families.
• North has an economic boom
– Banking industry raises money for war.
– Growing industries supply Union troops with
clothes and munitions.
Life During War
• Daily Life
– Soldiers faced constant threat of disease.
– Extreme medical procedures if injured in battle.
• Agricultural innovations
– Helped minimize loss of labor as men left to fight.
– Women filled labor shortages in industry.
Life During War
• African Americans
– Emancipation enabled African Americans to enlist
in the Union army.
– Thousands rush to join the military.
• Women
– Managed family farm and businesses.
– Served as nurses to the wounded.
– Clara Barton – Civil War nurse – founder of the
American Red Cross.
The West
• Vicksburg
– Control of the Mississippi was vital for the Union.
– Vicksburg was the last Confederate stronghold on
the river.
– North could cut the South in two.
– General Grant puts the city under siege in May.
– July 4, 1863 – Confederate Commander at
Vicksburg surrendered.
The East
• Confederate success
– Lee defeats Union forces at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville.
• June 1863
– Lee decides to launch another invasion of the
North.
– Confederate army forages in Pennsylvania
– Some troops headed into the town of Gettysburg to
seize a supply of shoes.
– They encounter two brigades of Union cavalry.
The East
• Battle of Gettysburg
– Union General George Meade vs. Confederate General
Robert E. Lee
• Day 1 – July 1, 1863
• Day 2 – July 2
– Little Round Top – 20th Maine led by Colonel Joshua
Chamberlain
• Day 3 – July 3
– Lee ordered 15,000 men under the command of Generals
George Pickett and A.P. Hill to make a massive assault.
– Pickett’s Charge – 7,000 casualties in less than a half hour.
– Fails to break the Union line.
The East
• Gettysburg casualties
– North – 23,000
– South – 28,000 (more than a third of Lee’s entire
force)
• Turning point of the war in the East.
– Ensures once again that the British would not support
the South.
– Confederates on the defensive for the rest of the war.
• Gettysburg Address
– Given on November 19, 1863.
The West
• Tennessee
– Fighting erupts near a vital railroad junction in
Chattanooga.
– Union victory would give them control of a railroad
running to Atlanta.
– Union Victory clears the way for an invasion of
Georgia.
• Lincoln appoints Grant to general in chief of the
Union forces.
– Promotes him to lieutenant general – first since George
Washington.
The East
• Grant’s strategy
– Grant determined to attack Lee’s forces relentlessly.
– Gives Lee’s troops no time to recover.
• Union attacks:
– Wilderness
– Spotsylvania Courthouse
– Cold Harbor
• Grant’s biggest mistake
• Bloodiest eight minutes of the war.
• North – 1,844 killed; South – 83 killed.
– Siege of Petersburg
March to the Sea
• William Tecumseh Sherman
– Put in charge of Union operations in the West.
– Captures Atlanta and sets it on fire.
– More than one-third of the city destroyed.
• Sherman’s March to the Sea
– Sherman leads his troops east across Georgia.
– Purpose: make Southern civilians understand the
horrors of war and pressure them to give up.
– Sherman’s troops cut a path of destruction up to
sixty miles wide.
Surrender
• Capture of Atlanta revitalizes Northern support
for the war.
– Lincoln is elected to a second term.
– Lincoln interprets his win as a mandate to end
slavery permanently by amending the Constitution.
• January 31, 1865
– The 13th Amendment banning slavery in the United
States passes the House of Representatives.
Surrender
• April 9, 1865 – Appomattox Courthouse
– Lee’s troops are ragged and battered, surrounded
and outnumbered.
– Lee surrenders to Grant.
• Terms of surrender
– U.S. would not prosecute Confederate troops for
treason.
– Confederate troops could keep their horses.
Assassination
• April 14, 1865
– Lincoln goes to Ford’s Theatre with his wife.
– John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the back of
the head.
– Lincoln died the next morning.
Impact of War
• North’s victory saved the Union and strengthened
the power of the federal government over the
states.
• Transformed American society by ending slavery.
• The South is left socially and economically
devasted.
• Casualties:
– North – 140,414 battle deaths; 365,000 total dead.
– South – 72,524 battle deaths; 260,000 total dead.
– Total deaths – 625,000.
• Time to rebuild.
Chapter 3
Section 3: Reconstruction
Reconstruction
• Reconstruction
– Rebuilding the nation after the war.
• Lincoln – Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction.
– Reconcile with the South; not punish for treason.
– Amnesty – pardon – offered to all Southerners who
took an oath of loyalty to the U.S.
– When 10% of state’s voters in 1860 election took the
oath they could organize a new state government.
– Confederate government officials and military officers
could not take the oath or be pardoned.
Reconstruction
• Resistance – Radical Republicans
– Prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from
returning to power.
– All African Americans would count towards
population.
– Wanted to help African Americans achieve
political equality by guaranteeing their right to
vote.
Reconstruction
• Moderate Republicans
– Lincoln too lenient.
– Radical Republicans going too far with African
Americans equality and voting rights.
Reconstruction
• Compromise – Wade-Davis Bill
– Required the majority of adult white males in a former
Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance.
– The state could then create a new government.
– “Iron-clad” oath – oath saying that they never fought
against the Union or supported the South.
– Each state would have to abolish slavery.
– Deny all former Confederate officials and military
officers from voting or holding office.
• Passed Congress, but Lincoln vetoed it.
Reconstruction
• March 1865
• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands
– Freedmen’s Bureau.
– Fed and clothed war refugees in the South.
– Helped former slaves find work on plantations.
Reconstruction
• Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes
president. (Video)
– Democrat from Tennessee.
• Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
– Pardon all former Confederate citizens who took
an oath of loyalty to the Union.
– Required Southern states to ratify the 13th
Amendment.
Reconstruction
• Problems: Southern voters elect many
Confederate leaders to Congress.
– Republicans voted to reject the new Southern
members of Congress.
• Southern legislatures pass black codes.
– Required African Americans to enter into annual
labor contracts.
– Those who did not could be arrested for vagrancy.
– Forced into involuntary servitude.
Reconstruction
• Radical Reconstruction
• Civil Rights Act of 1866
– Intended to override the black codes.
– Granted citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.
except Native Americans.
– Guaranteed African Americans rights to own
property and to be treated equally in court.
– Johnson vetoed it; Congress overrode it and it
became law.
Reconstruction
• 14th Amendment
– Granted citizenship to all persons born or
naturalized in the U.S.
– No state could deny any person “equal protection
of the laws.”
– Ratified in 1868.
Reconstruction
• Johnson vs. Republicans
– Republicans win a 3 to 1 majority in Congress.
– They could override any presidential veto.
Reconstruction
• 1867 – Military Reconstruction Act
– Divided the former Confederacy into five military
districts.
– A Union general was placed in charge of each
district to maintain peace.
– Each former Confederate state had to design a
constitution acceptable to Congress.
– The new constitutions had to give the right to vote
to all adult male citizens regardless of race.
– Each state had to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Impeachment
• Republicans try to restrict Johnson.
– Pass the Tenure of Office Act which required the
Senate to approve the removal of any official
whose appointment had required the Senate’s
consent.
– Johnson challenges the act by firing Secretary of
War Edwin Stanton.
• House votes to impeach Johnson.
– Charged with “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
Impeachment
• Senate put the president on trial.
– Voted 35 – 19 guilty; one short of two-thirds
needed for conviction.
• Johnson does not run in next election.
• Ulysses S. Grant wins the presidency.
(Video 11:39)
Reconstruction
• Fifteenth Amendment
– The right to vote shall not be denied on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Reconstruction
• During Reconstruction a large number of
Northerners travelled to the South.
– Many were elected to positions in state
government.
– Called carpetbaggers – some arrived with
belongings in suitcases made of carpet fabric.
– Some Southerners worked with Republicans and
supported Reconstruction – known as scalawags.
African Americans
• African American men enter politics.
– Served as delegates to constitutional conventions.
– Dozens served in state legislatures; 14 elected to
the House; two to the Senate.
• Freedmen’s Bureau establishes schools for
African Americans.
– 1876 – 40% of African American children attend
school.
• Begin building churches.
Reforms and Resistance
• Republican governments in the South institute
reforms.
– Repealed the black codes.
– Improved infrastructure – rebuilt roads, railways,
and bridges.
• Resistance
– Secret societies organized to undermine
Republican rule.
– The largest – Ku Klux Klan.
End of Reconstruction
•
•
•
•
Grant’s second term marred by scandals.
Country also falls into a depression.
Republicans begin to lose power.
Enforcing Reconstruction becomes more
difficult.
• Democrats begin to retake control of the
South.
End of Reconstruction
• Election of 1876
– Republican Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Democrat
Samuel Tilden.
– Election day: twenty electoral votes disputed (19
from three southern states).
• Compromise of 1877
– Republicans promised to pull federal troops out of
the South if Hayes were elected.
End of Reconstruction
• A New South
– South cold never return to the pre-war agricultural
economy.
– Had to develop a strong industrial economy.
African Americans
• Collapse of Reconstruction ends their hopes of
being granted land.
– Many return to plantations owned by whites.
– Many became tenant farmers – paying rent for the land
they farmed.
– Most tenant farmers became sharecroppers – paid a
share of their crops to cover rent and seed and
equipment.
– Many struggled to grow enough to cover the
increasing cost of supplies.
• The Civil War had ended slavery; Reconstruction
had trapped many in poverty.