•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Most important Geographers/Theories
Be able to match the person to their theory/model
Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model
• Pop/Migration
Nature/Perspectives
• Boserup
Sauer
Ratzel
• Malthus
Koppen
• Ravenstein
Wegener
• Omran
• Carey
THEORIES/CONCEPTS >
• Zelinsky
environmental determinism
• Ratzel
Possiblism,
Climate classification system
•
•
•
•
DEV/RESOURCES
Rostow
Wallerstein
Thompson
•
•
•
•
Theories/CONCEPTS >
Stages of eco growth,
world systems theory
Demographic Transition
•
•
•
•
•
•
THEORIES/CONCEPTS >
Gravity model-migration push & pull
factors,
population & food supply issues
rural to urban migration,
Ties b/t population growth &
economic growth,
Demographic Transition
Culture > Language diffusion
(military vs agriculture…
• M. Gimbutas, C. Renfrew, Sauer,
Ratzel
Connecting Agri/Ind/Medical
revs to urbanization
Name the model or theory
• *Alonso & Ricardo
•
*got left out of models project…. :0
• Bid Rent theory
Name the model or theory
• John Borchert
•
• 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) - associated with
low technology
• 2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70); steam-powered
locomotive & spreading rails
• 3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920); full impact of Ind.
Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand
• 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70); gas-powered
internal combustion engine
• High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion
of service & information industries (not part of
Borchert's model)
• Urbanization:
American Epochs
•
Five distinct periods in the history of
American urbanization. Each epoch is
characterized by the impact of a particular
transport technology on the creation and
differential rates of growth of American
cities.
Name the model or theory
• Norman Borlaug
• RIP, 2009 
• Green Revolution
Name the model or theory
• Esther Boserup
• Population and
economic growth
theory
Not the worry wart regarding population
Name the model or theory
• ERNST BURGESS
• CONCENTRIC ZONE
MODEL OF URBAN
GROWTH
Burgess and Urban = BURban
Name the model or theory
• H. Carey
The Gravity Model
Name the model or theory
• CHRISTALLER
• CENTRAL PLACE
THEORY OF
URBAN/SERVICES
DEVELOPMENT
Name the model or theory
• DeBlij
Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel
(1937-)
(1997); geographic
luck(environmental
determinism)
Name the model or theory
• Ford/Griffin
• Latin American city
model
Name the model or theory
• Edge Cities/ Urbanization
• Joel Garreau
Name the model or theory
• Gimbutas
•
•
Kurgan hypothesis
In 1956 Gimbutas introduced
her Kurgan hypothesis, which
combined archaeological study of
the distinctive Kurgan burial
mounds with linguistics to unravel
some problems in the study of
theProto-Indo-European (PIE)
speaking peoples, whom she
dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, to
account for their origin and to
trace their migrations into Europe.
Name the model or theory
• HARRIS & ULLMAN
• MULTIPLE NUCLEI
MODEL OF URBAN
GROWTH
Multiple names =
multiple nuclei
Name the model or theory
• Harold Hotelling
• Industry –
– Locational
interdependence
– Ice cream/starbucks theory
Name the model or theory
• HOMER HOYT
Homer / sector
• SECTOR MODEL OF
URBAN GROWTH
Name the model or theory
• Koppen
• Climate classifications
Name the model or theory
• August Losch
• Industrialization –
– Profit
maximization
– ‘$$ make me happy’ guy
Name the model or theory
• Thomas Malthus
• Theory of
overpopulation
Name the model or theory
• HALFORD
MAKINDER
• HEARTLAND
THEORY OF
POLITICAL POWER
MaKINDer is kind HEARTed
Name the model or theory
• Alfred Mahan
• Sea power theory of
political growth
Name the model or theory
• McGee
Name the model or theory
• PETER MULLER
• SUBURBANIZATION
+
TRANSPORTATION
ANALYSIS IN
URBAN REGIONS
Muller = Mules TRANSPORT
Name the model or theory
• Omran
•
epidemiological transition is a
phase of development witnessed
by a sudden and stark increase in
population growth rates brought
about by medical innovation in
disease or sickness therapy and
treatment, followed by a releveling of population growth from
subsequent declines in fertility
rates
Name the model or theory
• FRIEDRICH RATZEL
• ORGANIC THEORY
OF STATE GROWTH
• + ENVIRONMENTAL
DETERMINISM Natural surroundings
A RAT is ORGANIC/alive
rule human action
RATs live in the environment
Name the model or theory
• Ernst Ravenstein
RAVENS fly/ MIGRATE
• Gravity model of
migration + Laws of
Migration
Name the model or theory
• Collin Renfrew
CoLLin/Language…..
• Language diffusion by
agricultural means
Name the model or theory
• Walter Rostow
•
Stages of
economic
growth/development
•
Be able to
name the
stages
w/country
examples
RostOW = economic grOWth
Name the model or theory
• Carl Sauer
•
•
Possiblism/Landscape Theory states that the
cultural landscape is shaped by humans and
various cultural aspects of their culture.
Examples- Humans have altered the physical
environment in many ways including the
architecture humans build, the toponyms placed on
certain locations, burial practices, and sacred sites
that are established.
• Possibilism
• Humans can alter
their environment
Hoover Dam – changing the landscape
Name the model or theory
• Nicholas Spykman
SPYKE the RIM
• He who controls the
Rimland, controls the
world – political
systems theory
Name the model or theory
• Taylor and Lang
• World Cities Model
tAyLor / LAng
L.A. is a world city
Name the model or theory
• Warren Thompson
• Demographic Transition
•
Holds that slowing population growth is
attributable to
– improved economic production
–
•
and higher standards of living brought
about by changes in medicine,
education and sanitation.
Overcrowding is a reflection of
the Carrying Capacity and
not the numbers per unit area.
(Carrying Capacity is the # of
people an area can support on a
sustained basis given the
prevailing technology.)
Name the model or theory
• VON THUNEN
Not Burgess,
but look the same.
• AGRICULTURAL
ACTIVITIES IN AN
ISOLATED STATE
SURROUND A
MARKET ZONE
THAT IS CIRCULAR
Name the model or theory
• Immanuel Wallerstein
Wallerstein = World
• World Systems
Theory / CorePeriphery model
Name the model or theory
• Alfred Weber
Cheap guy/theory
• Least Cost theory and
Industrial location
theory
Alfred Wegener
Continental drift (1915): hypothesized that
the continents were slowly drifting around
the Earth. His hypothesis was not accepted
until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries
provided conclusive evidence (plate
tectonics).
Name the model or theory
• Wilber Zelinsky
Name the model or theory
• G. Zipf
• Rank-size rule for
sizes of cities
Most important Geographers/Theories
Be able to match the person to their theory/model
Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model
•
Political
Mahan
Spykman
Mackinder
Ratzel
Models/Theories/concepts
Sea power
Rimland theory
Heartland theory
Organic states
•
INDUSTRIALIZATION/ECO DEVELOPMENT
Weber
Rostow
Wallerstein
Thompson
Borlaug (as related to development)
Taylor/Lang
Theories/CONCEPTS >
Stages of eco growth,
world systems theory
Demographic Transition
Least cost theory
Green Revolution – links to development
•
AGRICULTURE
Von Thunen
Borlaug
Boserup
Christaller
Renfrew
•
CITIES AND URBAN LAND USE
Borchert, Burgess, Harris/Ullman
Hotelling, Losch, Garreau, Christaller
Hoyt, Muller, Zipf, Muller/Hartshorn, DeBlij,
Ford/Griffin, McGee
Models/theories
Agri in the isolated state
Green Revolution
Centers of Agri and diffusion of culture/language
THEORIES/CONCEPTS
US city structure: Concentric Zones v Sector v
Multiple Nuclei, v Urban Realms,
World Cities, Central Place Theory, Suburbanization,
Edge Cities, African v Asian v Latin American city
structures
• Anatolian Hearth
theory
• Correlation b/t source
areas of 3 agricultural
centers and 3 major
languages
Turkey/agriculture/food/language
• Central Place Theory
• Spatial distribution of
cities/service centers
is a hexagon w/CP in
the middle
Chrystals…
• Core-Periphery model
• World systems
• Places/regions can’t
develop equally,
somebody has to be
poor!
• Demographic
Transition Model
• Birth and mortality
rates are tied to
stages of
development
• Demographic Transition
•
Holds that slowing population growth is
attributable to
– improved economic production
–
•
and higher standards of living brought
about by changes in medicine,
education and sanitation.
Overcrowding is a reflection of
the Carrying Capacity and
not the numbers per unit area.
(Carrying Capacity is the # of
people an area can support on a
sustained basis given the
prevailing technology.)
• Dependency Theory
Tied to Neo-colonialism
• Poor country’s
economy is tied to a
rich country, usually
it’s former colonizer
• Gravity model of
migration
• Relationship b/t
volume of migration
and distance from
source & destination
‘Black Hole’ city
is inverse
• Heartland Theory
Mackinder's Heartland
(also known as the
Pivot Area) is the core
area of Eurasia, and
the World-Island is all
of Eurasia (both
Europe and Asia).
• He who controls
Europe, controls the
world
‘Who rules East Europe
commands the Heartland
Who rules the Heartland
commands the World-Island
Who rules the World-Island
commands the world’
• Least Cost/Location
Theory
Cheap theory
• Minimizing
transportation costs
• Migration Theory
• Push-Pull Forces
impact choices
• FORCED
• VOLUNTARY
• IMPELLED
• CHAIN
• Concentric Zone
Model
• Burgess
????
• Focus on CBD
importance b/c CBD
is at the center of the
model
• Multiple Nuclei model
• CBD is not as
important, urban
areas develop several
CBDs
• Sector model
• Based on urban
transportation routes
and bid rent prices
• World Systems
Theory
• Development is
applicable across
scales – local to
regional to global
• Five distinct periods
in the history of
American
urbanization.
• Each epoch is
characterized by the
impact of a particular
transport technology
on the creation and
differential rates of
growth of American
cities.
• Urbanization:
American
Epochs
• Edge Cities/ Urbanization
• ‘Where there is a
Target, there is also
a….’
• Industry –
– Locational
interdependence
– Ice cream/
starbucks theory
• Industrialization –
–Profit
maximization
–‘$$ make me
happy’ guy
• Good review sites >
https://sites.google.com/
site/geographymajorthe
ories/
Models/Theories > http
://teacherweb.ftl.pinecre
st.edu/snyderd/mwh/ap/
apgeographers.htm
• Prezi for Models and
Theories > http://prezi.com/qui
gwfyvfnoy/ap-humangeography-models-andtheories/
Prezi #2
> http://prezi.com/wkppdgvqnt
1d/ap-human-geographymodels/
Flash cards for
models/theories > http://quizl
et.com/2260847/ap-humangeography-models-theoriesflash-cards/