Challenges For
The Marine Transportation System
Captain David B. MacFarland
The MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
The Nation’s network of oceans, lakes, rivers, canals,
locks and dams
•
95,000 miles of U.S. coastline
•
25,000 miles of navigable channels
•
326 public/private ports, 3700
marine terminals
•
Supports 13M jobs, contributes
$718B to U.S. GDP
•
78% of foreign trade in/out of U.S.
by ship
•
78M recreational boaters; $26B
spent in FY00 for boaters
•
Every U.S. citizen relies on the
MTS: energy delivery, exports,
transportation, cost-effective
consumer goods, recreation,
environmental protection
U.S. Coast Guard
TagHeuer Watch Swiss made
Imported Port of
NY/NJ
Everyone depends on the
MTS for something…
food, work or play!
Renault toy car
Made in Taiwan
Imported Port of
LA/Long Beach
Salomon SnowBlades
Made in France
Imported Port of
Philadelphia
Canon Ixus
Made in Japan
Imported Port of
Tacoma
BMW 3 Series
Made in Germany
Imported Port of
Baltimore
From Renault advertisement
Brought to you courtesy of the U.S. Marine Transportation System
Energy Transportation
Challenge:
Uninterrupted delivery to
meet increasing needs
Oil
[Crude and Finished]
•2000 Imports
4B barrels
•2000 Exports
379M barrels
•2000 U.S. Transship’d
2.6B barrels
Total
7B Barrels
Liquid Natural Gas
•1999 Imports
217.9 BCF
•1999 Exports
167.3 BCF
Total
Shipping is the cheapest
and most environmentally
friendly form of transport
NOAA
385.2BCF
Coal
•2000 Imports
11M tons
•2000 Exports
58M tons
•2000 U.S. Transship’d
218M tons
Total
287M tons
U.S. Depends on Uninterrupted Flow of Goods
and Energy Products that Fuel A Nation
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING AFFECTS EVERYONE
West Coast Ports Shut Down
’99 Report to Congress: An Assessment of the U.S. Marine
Transportation System
Critical MTS Issues
Critical MTS Issues
• ECONOMY – total
volume of maritime
trade will more than
DOUBLE in 20 years
• INFRASTRUCTURE –
Crumbling, undersized,
aging; compromises
safety
• TRAFFIC – More ships,
more CONGESTION
U.S. Coast Guard
• SECURITY – fewer
overseas bases … rely
on deployment
• Homeland Security
Ports
Critical MTS Issues
• SAFETY – 3500
commercial
shipping accidents
annually on U.S.
waterways, 6500
recreational
• HAZMAT – over 50%
cargo is oil or
hazardous material
• ENVIRONMENT –
Increased Stress
Dredging, Port
expansion
Data Needs:
Critical Underkeel Clearance Issues
require more accurate information
1’ of draft =
$3M in autos
$100K in coal
TRANSPORTATION MODE
COMPARISON –
ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT
EFFICIENCY
EMISSIONS PRODUCED
Pollutants (in pounds) produced in
moving one ton of cargo 1,000
miles
Towboat
Train
Truck
HydroCarbon
.09
.46
.63
Carbon
Monoxide
.20
.64
1.90
Nitrous
Oxide
.53
1.83
10.17
Source: Environmental Advantages of Inland Barge
Transportation, DOT MARAD, 1994
Container Ship Evolution
2000 New Build Orders
Expansion of World Post-Panamax Container Fleet
62% “Mega Ships”
5,000+ TEUs
4,000 - 4,900 TEUs
167 Vessels
on Order
3,000 - 3,900 TEUs
2,000 - 2,999 TEUs
1,000 - 1,999 TEUs
<1000 TEUs
Vessel Size
0
60
Number of Orders
Source: Containerisation International Yearbook, 2000
120
15,000 TEU Containership
L.O.A. = 400 m (1,312 ft.)
Draft = 14 m (46 ft.)
BEAM = 69 m (226 ft.)
Cruise Industry
$11B 1997
$18B 2000
8+% Annual Growth
MEGA SHIPS
LA/Long Beach
Mega Ports
Port of Los Angeles
Port of New Orleans
MEGA
PORTS
Millennium Port
Brownfields
Competing Uses
San Pedro Bay Ports
Cargo Growth Implications
• At current growth and per acre productivity,
9,400 new acres of container terminal will be
required by 2020
• Current POLB/POLA container terminal
acreage = 1,880 acres
• By 2010, the POLB/POLA will require over 5000
new acres dedicated to containers
• By 2020, a
6,800 acre shortfall !
China Shipping – 9800 TEUS!
COSCO photo
CHINA SHIPPING HAS 33 VESSELS ON ORDER…
3 ARE 9800 TEU for TRANSIT FROM FAR EAST TO
U.S. WEST COAST
COSCO’s 9800 TEU Vessel = 4900 Trucks
Traveling at 60 MPH, that’s a line of trucks
stretching over 320 miles down the highway!
Overseas Inland Trade: Truck Traffic
on U.S. Highway Network, 2020 (Tons)
with Transshipment Routes
MEGA PROBLEMS
Mega Problems
National Transportation Safety Board
The QE2
Tug Mauvilla
Jessica -- Galapagos
National Transportation Safety Board
U.S. Coast Guard
MEGA PROBLEMS
Houston Ship Channel: The Texas Chicken
U.S. Coast Guard
Houston Ship Channel: a frequent condition
HOUSTON. Feb 27 2001 (Reuters) – Fog closed the Houston
Ship Channel to inbound traffic again on Tuesday… Earlier
this month fog led to long delays for vessels using the
channel, causing a backlog of almost 80 ships at one point…
Port of Houston •Direct costs for deep-sea vessels delayed due to fog est’d at $4.9M in 2000
•One petrochemical company est’d total ancillary costs at $30-40M 1st Qtr 2001
NOAA
NOAA GPS
Continuously Operated Reference System
“Accurate Positioning Key to Safe Navigation”
NOAA’s Navigation Services: Surveying
WRECKS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
ELECTRONIC NAVIGATIONAL CHARTS
Available for Free on the Internet (400,000 in first 2 years) 1,800,000 last year
Reduce transportation delays with low visibility navigation
PORTS®
Water Levels, Currents, Winds, Salinity, (Visibility)
Air Gap
MARINE WEATHER FORECASTS
Issues marine warnings and forecasts
Continually monitors and analyzes maritime data
Provides guidance of marine atmospheric variables
Spill Management
700+ hazardous waste sites contaminate our coasts
2M gallons of oil spilt a year from marine accidents
Spill Trajectory Modeling –
Contingency Planning
Hazmat spill
prevention and response
Major MTS Players and Pieces:
U.S. Coast Guard
•Vessel Traffic Management
Army Corps of
Engineers
•Aids to Navigation
•Channel Maintenance
•Notices to Mariners
•Dredging
NOAA
•Law Enforcement
•Lock and Dam Repair
•PORTS®
•Automatic Identification
System
•ENC’s, Nautical Charts
•Marine Weather Forecasts
•Accurate GPS Positioning
•Hydrographic Surveys
•Hazmat Cleanup
MARAD
•Intermodal, Port Development
EPA
•Domestic Merchant Marine Fleet
•Dredged Material Use
•National Defense
•Invasive Species
•Shipbuilding
•Ballast Water
•US Merchant Marine Academy
INTEGRATED MTS INFRASTRUCTURE
A COMPLETE PICTURE