• M years = thousand years
100M years = 100,000 years
• MM years = million years
5 MM years = 5 million years
• B.P. (BP) = before present (years ago)
200,000 BP = 200,000 years ago

• 55 MM years ago.
• Announced in 2013.
• Distinctive monkey like ankle bone. Opposable thumbs, finger nails and flat face.
• Consistent with Asian genesis theory.

• Discovered at Toros-
Menalla in N. Chad in
2001.
• Dated approximately
7MM years old.
• Forward position of foramen magnum suggest bipedal.
• Body fragments needed for confirmation.

Video on Tchadensis and what it means to be a
Hominid

• These bone fragments were discovered in strata aged between 5.8 to
6.1 MM years.
• The femur, more human like suggest it had bipedal abilities.

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html

4.4 MM BP
Chimpanzee sized agile tree dweller and bidpedal on ground

• Australopithecines in
Africa
– 25% larger brain size than
Chimpanzee
– Hands are free to make tools
– Hunters and gatherers

• Australopithicus
Afarensis
• About 40% of her remains were found.
• Enough for an artist to render this image.

• Discovered in 2008 and recognized as new “ human like ” species.
• Dated 1.95-1.78 million years old.
• Possible oldest predecessor to us.

• Homo Habilus
– Arguably earliest human ancestor.
– Possibly capable of speech
– Upright tool maker
– Brain size 500-800 mL or 30-40% larger than A. Africanus

• Homo Erectus (Europe)
& Homo Ergaster
(Africa)
– Increased motor skills, imagination and reasoning
– Fire usage 1 MM yr. ago.
– Sophisticated hunting practices
– First use of hand ax
– Males 5 ’ 11 ” 150 Lbs, females 25% smaller.

• Large brain
Hominids which emerged about 500
M years ago.
• Heidelbergensis is earliest species known to bury their dead.
Homo Heidelbergensis

• A recent discovery suggests Homos
Habilis, Rudolfensis and Erectus were one species.
• Most complete 1.8MM BP remains of five different individuals in one cave.
• Video

• Neanderthals &
Denisovan are thought to have evolved from H.
Heidelbergensis
• First hominid known to bury their dead & care for sick & injured.
Homo Neanderthalis

• They had thicker and larger craniums and brow ridge than us with different cranium shape.
• They did not have a dominant chin like us.

• Genome mapping of
Neanderthals began 2005 at
Max-Planck Institute in
Frankfurt Germany.
• Genome evidence of interbreeding in non-African humans.
• 1-4% inherited genes
• Neanderthals
– A lot more on Neanderthals
• These genes may have strengthened our immune system

• Homo Sapien, our species.
• Oldest fossil records found in Ethiopia dating back 190,000 years.
• Entered Europe 45
M BP followed by
Neanderthal extinction 40 M BP
Invasive species?

Chart Source

• First evidence of modern civilization at Gobekli Tepe in
Turkey.
• Neolithic hill-top sanctuary.
• Triggers: ritual, feasting, resources

• Absolute dating methods
– Relies on biological, radiometric or geological/electromagnetic methods.
– Such as dendrochronology, carbon-14 or archaeomagnetism.
• Relative dating methods
– Relies on dating through reference to other dated sites, stratigraphy and “index fossils.”
– Usually requires multiple dating methods.

• hv neutron
+ 14 N 14 C + 1 H upper atmosphere
• Carbon life forms are mostly 12 C isotope.
• All living organisms possess a constant ratio of
14 C/ 12 C until the organism dies then [ 14 C] becomes less.
• 14 C 14 N + e “ transmutation ”
• 50% of 14 C sample transmutates in 5730 years.
• Not practical for dating >60M years or things which never lived, like a rock.

• 40 K + e 40 Ar
• Called electron capture transmutation.
• Proton changes into a neutron.
 50% transmutates in 1,280MM years.
 Practical for dating igneous rocks
>100M years old.

• Explanation of natural phenomena through controlled, reproducible experimental fact.
• Hypothesis 
Experimentation

Theory

Natural Law
• Approved by panel of peers and published in a public journal.

A Theory attempts to explain why it happens
A Law summarizes what happens

• Applied scientific principles or natural resources to improve human life.
• Computers, telecommunications, TV, atomic energy, etc.

• Subsystems are added
– To overcome limitations, handle exceptional circumstances or adapt to more complex world.
– True for machines, bureaucracies, living organisms and life itself.

• Subsystems beget more subsytems
– These added subsystems need additional subsystems to monitor and control them.
– Once over encumbered with subsystems further innovation leads to renewed simplicity

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
– Presently 36 countries
– The USA teens ranks below average in all categories according to 2012 assessment by PISA according to Nat ’l Center for
Education Statistics.
– Link to PISA results

• Nuclear power
• Telecommunications
• The Computer
• The Assembly line
• Air Transportation
• Plastics
• Liquid Fuel Rockets
• Television

• Our electrical power grid is vulnerable to the following threats:
• Cyber attacks
• Physical attacks
• Radiation bursts
• Severe weather
Link to pdf

• Conservation of mass “ matter can neither be created nor destroyed, ” in chemical reactions.
• Conservation of energy “ energy can neither be created nor destroyed, ” in chemical reactions.

 Which hominid first had the ability to make fire. How many years ago?
• H. Erectus about 1MM year ago. Slide
#13
• Yes, #20
 Was there time overlaps in bipedal hominids?
 What is our relationship with
Archaic Homo Sapiens?
• Interbreeding and shared genes for immunity. #17
 What is the difference between science and technology?
• Science is what is demonstrably true about the world around us. #23-24
 What are the threats to the US electrical grid
• Cyber, physical, radiation pulse and severe weather #32

 According to Brian Arthur, what are subsystems?
• Added to overcome limitations. #28
 What is radiochemical dating.
Which of these dating methods would be used to determine the age of old woven materials.
• Aging artifacts via transmutation of unstable nuclear isotopes. Carbon -
14. # 22-23
 If 100 Lbs. of dynamite explodes how much will the products of this explosion weigh?
• The conservation of mass says it must also be 100 Lbs. #33 & 36
• Bottom half. #30
 According PISA how do US teens rank in STEM

• 2 C
8
H
18
+ 25 O
2
Gasoline + Oxygen (from air)
• 5.9 Lbs + 20.5 Lbs
1 gallon
• 26.4 Lbs (gas/O
2
)
16 CO
2
+ 18 H
2
O
Carbon dioxide + water
18.1 Lbs + 8.3 Lbs
26.4 Lbs CO
2
& water

• The following slide(s) have been removed from previous presentations due to more recent discovery.

• Nicknamed “ Ida ” a missing link in human evolution?
• She lived about 47 MM years ago.
• Opposable thumbs and finger nails.
• http://www.revealingthel
ink.com/who-is-ida/