Chapter 12
The Second War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism
1812 - 1824
Chapter 11-12 Quiz (B)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Who was the strong believer in strict construction,
weak gov’t & militarism who was forced to modify some
of his principles while in office (3rd President)?
What did Napoleon acquire from Spain, just to turn
around and sell it to the U.S.?
What is the principle established by Chief Justice
Marshall that the S.C. has the power to declare laws
unconstitutional?
What is the term for offices or favors granted through
political influence, often in exchange for political
support?
Who was the Shawnee leader who organized a major
Indian confederation against U.S. expansion and was
later defeated by William Henry Harrison?
Chapter 11-12 Quiz (B)
6. What was the name for Clay’s ambitious nationalistic plans
for tariffs, internal improvements, & expanded
manufacturing?
7. What was the territory occupied jointly by BR & the U.S.
(settled by the Treaty of 1818)?
8. What was the meeting of representatives from N.
England who opposed the war with GB, proposed to limit
the power of Congress to make war, to impose
embargos, limit a president’s term, & to restrict states
from consecutively electing presidents?
9. What was the treaty between the U.S. & GB which
demilitarized the Great Lakes region & lessened tension
between the U.S. & Canada?
10. What was the free state entering the Union in the
Missouri Compromise?
Chapter 12
The Second War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism
1812 - 1824
This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry
transferring to a different ship during the battle of Lake Erie
War of 1812
• BR also fighting Nap.
• Mr. Madison’s War
– Country divided; army weak
– 2nd War for Independence
• Lake Erie battle: 1813, “We have met the enemy & they are
ours!” – Perry
– Victory allowed U.S. to invade Canada
– This victory over the British provided morale for the Americans, then BR
are beaten at Battle of the Thames (where Tecumseh is killed)
• Plattsburgh: 1814; MacDonough stopped BR invasion of NY
(BR forced to retreat)
• “gerrymandering”- VP Elbridge Gerry carved MASS into
election districts that favored his party. Opponents said districts
were shaped like wriggling salamanders (gerrymander)
War of 1812
• Washington burned: 1814; We burned
Canada’s first, York (Toronto)
• Ft. McHenry: (as DC is burning)
Americans defending Ft. McHenry in
Baltimore; “Star-Spangled banner, Francis
Scott Key, 1813
• New Orleans victory: Jackson met BR
army of 10,000 troops
– AJ lost 13 men (70 casualties) & BR lost 2,000
– Actually happened 2 weeks AFTER Treaty of
Ghent
– Made AJ a HERO
– Lafitte offered 30,000 lbs. & captaincy in Royal
BR Navy or full pardon
• Naval duels
• The “Constitution”: “Old Ironsides” & the
Guerriere (BR): raised the importance of
our navy in eyes of other countries
• “John Bull”
An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott
Key was inspired to write "The Star Spangled Banner".
USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere; a significant event during the war
Treaty of Ghent
• Belgium; brokered by Tsar Alexander of Russia
– Trying to keep BR strong b/c they were his ally
• Results: status quo (made no mention of issues of
why we went to war-impressements, blockade, etc.)
• * stalemate – no gain for either side
• * armistice – cease fire, return conquered territory
Hartford Convention
• 1814-1815 – NE Federalists still
sympathetic to BR, had prospered during
the war
• Goals: Moderates prevail over
secession talk
–
–
–
–
–
Amendments proposed to cripple Republican power
1 term each for Prez
No Prez from consecutive state (VA)
End 3/5’s Compromise
Paid for losses
• Results: Federalist Party thought to be disloyal
– Death of the Federalist Party when rest of U.S. is so patriotic
and optimistic
• Rush – Bagot Agreement: 1817; Limited fleets on
Great Lakes & demilitarized border w/Canada (where
many BR navy supplies and forts remained)
– Laid the basis for improving relations b/w U.S. and BR
(lessened tensions)
• Heritage: Uncle Sam, Old Ironsides, White House,
National Anthem
War’s Legacy
• Political and economic independence from GB
• Respect from other nations
• Nationalism in Canada & U.S.
– America comes out of war UNIFIED and stronger
• Weakening of Indian tribes (those allied w/GB)
– Have to surrender more lands
• Encouraged domestic industry (b/c of BR blockade, less
dependence on BR factories)
• Emergence of war heroes & regional leaders
– AJ & WHH
– Calhoun (S); Webster (N); Clay (W)
• Revival of the U.S. Bank (passed by Congress in 1816)
• Federalist Party dies [after 1816 Pres. election] b/c of
sectionalism
• Precedent of nullification & secession (New England)
– Later used by the South
• Decatur - “Our country, right or wrong!”
The American System
• British “dumping” – merchants begin
emptying their warehouses at discounted
prices to stop new American industries from
taking over the markets
• Tariff of 1816: Protected tariff of N. Eng.
industry (20%-25%)
– First tariff for PROTECTION, not revenue
– Nat’l financing of transportation systems (Ex: Erie
Canal)
• Steamboat
The American System
•
Clay: The American System
–
A system of internal improvements in transportation would tie the Union
together.
– Protective tariff would promote industrial self-sufficiency.
– Mills in the NE would use Southern cotton  workers would wear
cotton garments and eat western beef and grains.
– Sale of more cotton and food would enable the South and West to buy
more textiles and tools from the East.
– Tariff revenues would aid in the constructions of internal improvements
to tie the sections economically.
Reactions:
– Southerners hated the tariff because it prevented the purchase of lowcost British finished products.
– Westerners opposed the national bank because they liked the easy
credit of state banks.
– Easterners disliked federal expenditures for internal improvements.
The American System
• * infrastructure
• * Bonus Bill: Would have allotted $1.5 mil for
internal improvements
– Opposed by states and D-R as unconstitutional
– Madison vetoed it, 1816, forcing states to build
own infrastructure
– **N. Eng area against this b/c of fear of people
moving West & their loss of power in House
Cultural Nationalism
• Parson Weems: Cherry tree, Glorified GW
• Webster’s Speller: Noah, 1783 best seller
Election of 1816
•1816 -1820: “Era of Good feelings”
•Results: Monroe elected
•All electoral votes but 1 in 1820
•Political conflict virtually
disappears
•End of the VA dynasty
•misnomer: Economic depression
•Resurgence of sectionalism;
political realignment; sale of
public lands; slavery; internal
improvements; tariff
Panic of 1819
• 1st depression: Lasted 3 yrs., caused by excessive land speculation in the
W and unstable banks (wildcat)
• * liquidate debts: Selling assets
• * “wildcat” banks – BUS forced wildcat banks to foreclose on mortgages of
western farmers
– Results: cotton prices fall, hurts S farmers, W farmers blamed for 2nd Bank for
tightening money supply
A Growing West
-Why? Immigrants, cheap land & transportation, new lands are
safe (Indians defeated)
•Land Act of 1820: Reduced price to $1.25 per acre
* “Butternuts”: S farmers resettling in the old NW
Slavery and Sectional Balance
• **Slave trade ended in 1808
• Tallmadge Amendment: (to stop MO from coming in
as a slave state) No more slaves in MO & for eventual
emancipation of slave children at age 25
– Defeated in the Senate
• Missouri Compromise: Clay (Great Compromiser)
–
–
–
–
1820: MO -slave state & ME – free
36 30’
Otherwise, upset balance of 11 & 11
Just postpones the debate!
• * “peculiar institution”: slavery
• “firebell in the night”: TJ’s warning
about slavery threatening the Union
Slavery and Sectional Balance
Judicial Nationalism
• Marshall followed HAMILTON’S ideas
– Strong central gov’t; wealthy
– Deplored democratic excesses & opposed open suffrage &
rule of the masses
• Supreme Court Cases
– Fletcher v. Peck (1810): state laws cannot impair
contracts; S.C. can invalidate state laws that interfere
with the Constitution
– McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): implied powers,
strengthens federal authority by limiting states’ power
(fed’l laws are supreme over state laws)
• defended federal power by denying a state the right to
tax a federal bank
– Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): charters &
businesses are protected from domination by state
gov’ts
• Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could
not change a legal charter once granted
– Gibbons v. Ogden (1821): Congress alone can regulate
insterstate commerce (limits state powers)
– Cohens v. Virginia (1821): S.C. can review state s.c.
decisions in all matters concerning fed’l gov’t
**The S.C. under
C.J. Marshall upheld
a powerful nat’l gov’t
and conservative
defense of property
rights. The rulings
checked the general
mov’t towards states’
rights and popular
democracy.
Nationalist Foreign Policy
• Treaty of 1818: Anglo-American Treaty
– BR & US
– Joint fishing rights @ Newfoundland
– Defined border of CAN & ORE (10 yrs)
• Joint occupation
– LA Territory at 49th parallel from Lake of the Woods to
Rocky Mountains
• Florida
• Jackson’s disobedience: Pursued “outlaw” Seminoles into FLO
(1818)
– SP troops had to leave FL to stop other revolutions in SAmerica
– Jackson did not follow orders & exceeded his instructions from
Monroe
• Administration reactions: Support of Secretary of State JQ Adams
• Adams-Onis Treaty: Transcontinental Treaty, Florida Purchase
– SP cedes E. Florida to US for $5 mil
– Defines boundary between LA & SP territories (map pg. 254)
– US gave up claims to TX & SP dropped claims to ORE
• Why does Spain sell?  SP more worried about colonies in L.
America
Nationalist Foreign Policy
• Monroe Doctrine – more aggressive foreign policy b/c of fears of European
intervention in L. America
• G. Canning: (BR) Wanted joint declaration w/US to intervene in L. America,
warn other European powers to stay out (wanted to secure part of L.
America trade for BR)
– BR concerned America would seize more SP territory & threaten their own
Caribbean holdings
• John Q. Adams: Nationalistic Sec. of State
– Convinced Monroe to warn European powers
• U.S. warnings: Non-colonization, non-intervention, & non-interference
• Effect abroad?  No standing in international law
• Russo-American Treaty: Russia dropped claim to ORE & agreed to
boundary of 54 40’
Nationalist Foreign Policy
• IDENTIFY: *gerrymandering [defined earlier!]
– Arranging the political divisions of a state, country, etc. to
give one political party an unfair advantage in elections
**Look at political cartoons in the chapters!
Chapter 12 Theme Analysis
•
•
The American effort in the War o f1812 was plagued by poor strategy, political divisions,
and increasingly aggressive British power. Nevertheless, the U.S. escaped with a stalemate
peace settlement, and soon turned its isolationist back to the European world.
The aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American nationalism that
was reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy. The rising nationalistic spirit and sense
of political unity was, however, threatened by the first severe sectional dispute over
slavery.
Choose ONE of the following topics and respond, using complete and
thoughtful details from the reading and lecture.
1. Examine Madison’s largely unsuccessful role as wartime president, in contrast
with his genius as a political theorist, constitution-maker, and legislative leader.
Indicate the various international and domestic divisions that he proved unable to
navigate in the White House.
2. Explain the conflict of 1819-1820 about Missouri as the first clear indication of a
deep-seated sectional division over slavery. Emphasize the two essential
principles of sectional balance enshrined in the compromise: equal Senate
representation of the 36°30’ line as the northern boundary of slavery.
3. Consider the causes and consequences of the Monroe Doctrine. Explain the
relationship of the doctrine to the permanent issue of the United States’
interactions with its Latin American neighbors.