1776-1860 (Ch.9-15)
By: Kellie Carlson, Victoria Ochoa, and
Sarah Rylee
Presidents: 1776-1860
George Washington 1789-1797
1. Platform: Not being king, avoid war and
entangling alliances
2. Known For: 1st president to serve under the
United States Constitution
3. Party: Federalist
John Adams 1797-1801
1. Platform: Avoid war and entangling
alliances.
2. Known for: Avoiding war with France.
3. Party: Federalist
Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
1. Platform: Wanted smaller military and states
rights.
2. Known for: Louisiana Purchase
3. Party: Democratic Republican
James Madison 1809-1817
1. Platform: A war would restore confidence in
the strength of the Republic.
2. Known for: War of 1812
3. Party: Democratic Republican
James Monroe 1817-1825
1. Platform: Henry Clay’s American system, Henry Clays 3
pronged system to promote industry. A strong Banking System,
a protective tariff, federally funded transportation network
2. Known for: Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed that the Americas
should be closed to future European colonization and free from
European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further
stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European
wars
3. Party: Democratic Republican
John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
1. Platform: Nationalism
2. Known for: Corrupt Bargain, a political scandal that arose
when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met
with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break
a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the
popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State. The
person that lost the election as a result of this event was the
popular war hero, Andrew Jackson.
3. Party: Democratic Republican
Andrew Jackson 1829-1837
1. Platform: Champion of the common man, war hero, “Old
Hickory”
2. Known for: Trail of Tears, which was the forced
movement of Cherokee Indians in 1838 to the land west
of the Mississippi River. Lasted 1,000 miles and 116
days. Many Indians died along the way.
3. Party: Democrat
Martin van Buren 1837-1841
1. Platform: Old Kinderhook (knock-off Jackson)
2. Known for: Panic of 1897, which was when Jackson was president, many
state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the
Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild
speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular
to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks
collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed,
cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread
unemployment and distress. It was short-lived and reduced the pressure
on the economy
3. Party: Democrat
William Henry Harrison: March 4,
1841 – April 4, 1841
1. Platform:War Hero after fighting Indian
forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
2. Known for: dying within thirty two days.
Good job, Harrison.
3. Party: Whig
John Tyler: 1841-1845
1. Platform (initial platform): William Henry
Harrison died.Served under the Whig party,
but he refuted many Whig policies and was
rejected from the Party. Used the annexation
of Texas as his new party platform.
2. Known for: Man without a party
3. Party: Whig
Anti-Federalists vs.
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
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Samuel Adams
Patrick Henry
Richard Henry Lee
Supported states rights and were typically
poorer than the Federalists.
Federalists
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George Washington
Benjamin Franklin
Usually wealthier, better educated, and
controlled the press.
Publications
The Federalist Papers, 1787
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Essays most penetrating commentary ever
written about the constitution.
Sold in a form of a book called “The Federalist.”
Written by Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison, and John Jay.
Persuaded New York to ratify the Constitution.
Technology
Cotton Gin
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Created by Eli Whitney
50 times more effective than the handpicking
process (separating the seed from the cotton
fiber)
Revolutionized southern agriculture.
Cotton became highly profitable.
Both the North and the South prospered.
Clipper ships
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Long narrow ships with towering masts and
clouds of canvas.
Could outrun any steamer.
Sacrificed cargo space for speed.
Captains hauled high value cargoes in
record times.
Railroad
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First railroad in the United States in 1828
called “The Iron Horse”
Significant contribution to the economy.
Fast, reliable, cheaper than canals to make.
Didn’t freeze over in the winter, able to go
almost anywhere.
Amendments
Ninth amendment
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Declares that specifying certain rights shall
not be construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people.
Tenth amendment
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Reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or
prohibited by the federal constitution to the
states respectively or to the people
Preserved strong central government while
specifying protection for minorities and
individual liberties.
Twelfth amendment
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Removed the inharmonious two party
combination in the future, 1804
Social Ideologies
Post Revolutionary War
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People began to shun the idea of aristocracy and demanded
equal respect. Titles such as “Mr.” and “Mrs.”, which were
once reserved for the elite, were now used for the common
man, too
Egalitarian sentiment
Anti-British sentiment (but a little bit pro- during the Articles of
Confederation…)
Separation of church and state
Post Revolutionary War Part 2
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Civic Virtue:democracy depends on unselfish commitment of every citizen
(hm...where else would we see this sentiment in American history?)
Republican Motherhood: elevated women to a new prestigious role as
special keepers of the nation’s conscience
Cult of Domesticity- cultural creed that praised the customary functions of
a homemaker, women's roles changed, families became more close-knit
Isolationism- remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups
Era of Good Feelings- used to describe the administrations of Monroe
Leading up to the Civil War
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Keep black people “in their places” led to stricter rules
emphasized (Haiti’s slave rebellion helped to culminate
this mindset)
Poor white people (and most white people, let’s be
honest here) were against the liberation of slaves,
despite the Quakers ardent protests
Wars and Treaties
Treaties
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Franco-American Alliance (1778)- a “forever” bond to the United States to help the French
defend West Indies
Treaty of Ghent (written by John Quincy Adams)- U.S. and Britain agreed to stop fighting and
give back land
Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817- restricted naval armament on lakes
Treaty of 1818- secured fishing rights for U.S. fishermen along Newfoundland and Labrador,
provided joint control of Oregon territory and marked the beginning of better relations between
Britain and U.S.
Florida-Purchase Treaty of 1819 (Adams-Onis)- Spain sold Florida to the U.S. and the U.S. gave
up its claims to Texas giving the American southwest to Spain
Russo-American Treaty of 1824-Set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the
line of 54 degrees 40, the southern tip of Alaska
Treaties with Native Americans- U.S. tried to create peace and “civilizing” attempts by trying to
create a government.
Wars
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Miami War (1790-1791)- Indians in Miami Confederacy excited by the British
who were upset by peace treaty for fur trade. The confederacy of 8 nations
defeated armies led by Generals Josiah Harmar and Author St.Clair.
War with Britain (1812)- When Britain did not revoke Orders of Council (if they
did so then Napoleon would repeal the restrictions on France) U.S. placed an
embargo on Britain, which ended neutrality and was an act of war. Also
Madison’s motives for war included the British arming of hostiles, and to
restore confidence in republican experiment. War showed Europe that U.S.
would stand up for itself.
Black Hawk War- War between the Sequoyah and Cherokees
The Bank War (1832)- Bank charter vs. Jackson and Jackson vetoed for pet
banks against Clay’s plan.
Fetus wars (A.K.A. battles)
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Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)- “Mad Anthony” Wayne
caught the Miami Confederacy and got a peace
agreement when British refused to help.
Battle of Tippecanoe- Tecumseh (indian who welded
together confederacy of all tribes east of the Mississippi)
left the Prophet (indian who helped Tecumseh) to get
recruits and the Prophet was attacked and the settlement
was burned.
Battle of the Thames- won by U.S. under General Harrison
Other important information
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Constitution- contract defined the powers of the government and drew authority
from the people also includes fundamental laws with the bill of rights, liberties,
and annual election of legislatures.
State Constitutions- colonies drafted new states with the authority on the
people
Articles of Confederation (march 1, 1781)- received a unanimous approval and
was in place until Constitutional Convention in 1786
Land Ordinance of 1785- provided acreage that should be sold for Northwest
and proceeds went to pay debts. Also 16th section was sold to benefit public
schools
Land Ordinance of 1787- governing of old northwest, with 60,000 inhabitants
the state will become approved by congress
Foreign Policy
Increased Foreign Pressure
● Britain had resentment toward the U.S. when they declined to make a
commercial treaty or repeal Navigation Laws.
● Spain begins to become unfriendly and in 1784 they closed the Mississippi
to American commerce.
● France demanded repayment of loans and restricted trade with the West
Indies and other parts of the world.
● North African pirates ravaged America’s mediterranean commerce and
enslaved sailors. The U.S. sent in the army and navy to make it safer for
American sailors.
● Franco-American Alliance
● Jay’s Treaty (British evacuate U.S. soil)
● XYZ affair where U.S. secretly sent 3 ambassadors to France
Foreign Policies
● Alien Acts- allowed people into the country but set in place rules.
● The Louisiana Purchase- in 1803 delegates were sent to France to buy
New Orleans and Napoleon decides to abandon his New World empire
and sold it to the U.S. for about 4 cents an acre or $15 million.
● U.S. then created an illusion of isolationism and increased immigration
flared up antiforeignism in nativists
Supreme Court Decisions
Supreme Court Cases
● Marbury vs. Madison
○ Established judicial review where the supreme court has last word on
the constitutionality of something.
● McCullough vs. Maryland (1819)
○ Maryland can’t tax the bank of U.S. Marshall used jurisdiction over
law. “the power to tax is the power to destroy”
● Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)
○ Supreme Court’s right to review state supreme court decisions in
criminal law matters.
● Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
○ State may not legislate inconsistent with federal law.
More Supreme Court Cases
● Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)
○ State did not have the constitutional authority to revoke a corrupt land
sale.
● Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)
○ Allowed the supreme court to invalidate a state law and restrict a state
legislature
THE END!