Name___________________________________
Objectives: a) Identify the names of the bones of the human skeleton b) Identify types of joints and recognize there is more than one way to classify them. c) Identify variations within the human skeleton.
Procedure: Using your textbook, supplemental diagrams, and direct observation of models answer the following questions using complete sentences where
appropriate. Textbook pages include 134-176.
Physiology – Bone Function
List and describe five functions of the skeleton.
1.
4.
5.
2.
3.
Bone as Tissue
Describe two types of bone tissue.
1.
2.
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Bones as Organs
On what basis are bones classified? List three types.
1.
2.
3.
Part I: The Axial Skeleton: The Skull
The skull is composed of two sets of bones. The cranial bones house and protect the fragile brain and the 12 facial bones. Some bones in the skull are paired, while some are represented by a single bone. Observe a skull model and/or diagram and answer the following. . (pg. 139-145)
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A.
Which facial bones are single bones (not paired)?
B.
List the cranial bones and describe their location using anatomical
terms (i.e. – frontal – anterior of cranium).
C.
Which cranial bones are not paired?
D.
What is the only movable bone in the skull?
Part II – The Axial Skeleton: The Spine and Rib Cage.
The spine or backbone is composed of a series of repeating bones. The backbone forms a protective case for the spinal cord. It also supports the upper body and connects it to the lower body. Along with the sternum, ribs form a protective “cage” that shield the lungs and the heart (two very important organs!) and part of the abdominal cavity. Some of the ribs articulate with the sternum to allow for certain minor movements. (p. 145-153)
A.
The vertebrae (individual bones of the back) have been given names according to their region or position in the spine. Given the numer of vertebrae, fill in the following with their region.
Vertebrae 1-7 _____________________ Vertebrae 8-19_____________________
Vertebrae 20-24 _____________________ Vertebrae 25-29_____________________
Vertebrae 30-33 _____________________
B.
On a skeletal model, observe the first two cervical vertebrae for the type of rotation they allow. How does the movement between the first vertebra and the second differ from the rest of the vertebrae?
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C.
How do the thoracic vertebrae differ from the lumbar vertebrae?
D.
How do the sacral vertebrae differ from the lumbar?
E.
The ribs are divided into three groups: true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. Locate these on a model or diagram and note the number of each.
Describe the differences seen in each type. a.
True ribs ( ) _____________________________________________________________ b.
False ribs ( ) _____________________________________________________________ c.
Floating ribs ( ) _______________________________________________________
F.
Locate, identify and name the three bones of the sternum. List the names here. _______________________, _______________________, _______________________.
G.
Why is it necessary for the joints where the sternum articulates the ribs and the ribs with the vertebrae to be flexible? (take a deep breath and think about it before you write your answer).
Part III: The Appendicular Skeleton: The Arm
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the arms and legs. The actions of the arm are one of the main features that separate the human from other life forms, even among primates. (p. 155 – 156 and 163 – 167)
A.
Complete the following table. Use page 166 as a reference and remember what distal and proximal mean.
B.
Why are two bones “needed” for the forearm and only one for the upper arm?
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Part IV: The Appendicular Skeleton: The Leg
The human is a bipedal animal, meaning it is capable of walking on two legs. This makes us very unique in the animal kingdom. This ability is reflected in the structure of the leg. Carefully observe the leg of a model and answer the following.
(p. 159 – 160)
A.
Complete the following table
Leg Division Number of Bones
Upper leg (Thigh)
Names
Lower leg
Ankle (including instep)
Toes
B.
Why do you think the number of bones increases as you go from proximal to distal on the leg? (hint: how does the number of bones relate to flexibility?)
C.
How is the structure of the leg different from that of the arm?
D.
Differentiate between the action of the tibia and fibula and the action of ulna and radius.
E.
How does the structure of the tarsals compare with the carpals?
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Part V: The Appendicular Skeleton: Shoulder Girdle vs. the Pectoral Girdle
The axial skeleton is joined to the appendicular skeleton by a series of bone known as girdles. Bones of the girdles are sometimes called the articulated skeleton.
Therefore, bones of the skeleton are grouped into the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton, and the articulated skeleton. (p. 153-155 and 157-159)
A.
How does the pectoral girdle compare with the pelvic girdle in structure and how does this relate to their ability to bear weight, allow rotation, etc.
B.
Differentiate the manner in which the pelvic and pectoral girdles are attached to the axial skeleton.
C.
You are involved in a crime scene investigation where a skeleton is found in a shallow grave in the woods. How can you tell if the person was male or female?
Part VI: Joints
Any contact between two or more bones is called a joint. The joints of the body can be classified into categories depending upon two things: 1) the structure of the joint and 2) The function of the joint. (p. 163-168).
A.
List and describe the three functional classifications of joints in the human skeleton.
B.
List and describe the structural classification of joints.
C.
List the four distinct features shared by all synovial joints.
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D.
How are synovial joints subdivided?
E.
Complete the following tables.
Type of Joint Example Action
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and
Socket
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