AP Biology – Human Anatomy
Review
Key Ideas
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The passage of blood flow through the heart: vena cavaright atriumright ventricle lungs  left atrium
 left ventricle  aorta  to the body and back
The functional unit of the lung is the alveolus
Four major thermoregulatory processes: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is broken down into the sensory and motor divisions
Three main types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Study the names, origins and functions of the hormones on your flash cards
Understand the difference between nonspecific and specific immunity
Rapid Review- Vocabulary
 Circulatory system: blood flow- left side of the heart
 via
arteries to organs and muscles into the venous system of the body (vena cava) right side of
the heart
 lungs (pick up oxygen) left side of the heart
 Respiratory pathway: nose/ mouth 

 trachea  thoracic cavity 
 alveoli (functional unit of the
lungs; where gas exchange occurs)

: digestion begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and
completes in the intestines
o
: enzyme that breaks down starches in the diet (mouth and
small intestine)
o
: main digestive enzyme of the stomach that breaks down
proteins
o
: major fat digesting enzyme of the body (small intestine)
o
And
: major protein digesting endopeptidases or the
small intestine
o
: contains phospholipids, cholesterol and bile salts (major
fat emulsifier of fat)
o
and
and
: carbohydrate digesting
enzymes of the small intestines
o Most of the digestion of food occurs in the
o The function of the large intestine is to
and
 Excretory system:
lie on the posterior wall of the abdomen. Kidneys
are divided into the cortex and the
. The functional unit of the
kidney is the
. The medulla is divided into renal pyramid, which dump urine
produced into the calyces  bladder via the ureter  out of the body via the urethra
o Most of what is dumped into the glomerular system is reabsorbed- nearly all the sugar,
vitamins, water and nutrients. If sugar appears in urine, it is because there is too much
in the system (diabetes)
o Two important hormones of the excretory system are
(controls water
absorption) and
(controls sodium reabsorption)
 Endocrine system
o Anterior pituitary hormones
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: stimulates ovaries and testies
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: stimulates ovulation, increased
estrogen/progesterone release
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: increased release of thyroid hormone
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: increased growth
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: increased secretion of adrenal hormone
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: controls lactogenesis, decreased GnRH
o
Hormones
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: increased glycogen formation

: increased glycogen breakdown
o Posterior Pituitary hormones

: stimulates water reabsorption

: stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection
o
Hormones
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: regulates sodium concentration of body
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: stress hormone
o
Hormones
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: involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy

: made in ovaries; increased release of LH (LH
surge)
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: develops male sex characteristics
o
Hormones: increase calcium involved in bone
maintenance
o Negative feedback: hormone acts to directly, or indirectly, inhibit further release of the
hormone of interest
o Positive feedback: hormone acts to directly, or indirectly, cause increased secretion of
the hormone
 Nervous system: divided into two parts (Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous
System)
o
: controls skeletal muscles and voluntary actions
o
: controls involuntary activities of body
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: prepare for fight, increased heart rate, increased
blood pressure, digestive slow down, dilate bronchial muscles
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: conserve energy, decrease heart rate, decrease
blood pressure, bladder constriction
o Brain
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: coordination and balance
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: involuntary actions such as breathing
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: regulates hunger, thirst, and temperature
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: emotion control center
 Immune system
o
: nonspecific prevention of entrance of invaders into
the body (skin, mucus)
o
: multilayered defense mechanism
 (1) first line of defense- phagocytes, macrophages, neutrophils
 (2) second line of defense- B cells (plasma/memory), T cells (helper/cytotoxic)
o Primary immune response: antigen invader  B cell meets antigen  B cell
differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells  plasma cell produce antibodies 
antibodies eliminate antigen (humoral immunity)
o Secondary immune response: antigen invader  memory cells recognize antigen and
pump out antibodies much quicker than primary response  antibodies eliminate
antigens
o Cell mediated immunity: involves T cells and direct cellular response to invasion.
Defense against viruses.
 Muscular System
Muscle Type Striated?
# of Nuclei?
Conrtol?
Where is it Found?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
 Explain IN YOUR OWN WORDS the sliding filament model-
Rapid Review- Questions
For questions 1-4, use the following answer choices:
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Estrogen
D. Aldosterone
E. TSH
1. This hormones is involved in the regulation of the
body’s metabolic rate
2. This gonadotropin induces ovulation in females
3. This hormone is involved in the regulation of the
body’s sodium concentration
4. This hormone is vital to the maintenance of the
endometrium during pregnancy
5. The major emulsifier of fats in the digestive system is
a. Lipase
b. Amaylase
c. Trypsin
d. Chymotrypsin
e. Bile Salts
6. Which cell type keeps humans from being infected
by the same organism twice?
a. Plasma cell
b. Memory cell
c. Macrophage
d. Neutrophil
e. Phagocyte
7. Which of the following muscle sites does not contain
smooth muscle
a. Aorta
b. Bladder
c. Esophagus
d. Quadriceps
e. Renal artery
8. Which of the following is the functional unit of the
respiratory system?
a. Bronchus
b. Bronchioles
c. Alveolus
d. Larynx
e. Trachea
9. Which of the following regions of the brain controls
breathing?
a. Cerebellum
b. Medulla
c. Cerebrum
d. Hypothalamus
e. Amygdala
10. Which of the following is the major digestive enzyme
of the stomach?
11.
12.
13.
14.
a. Trypsin
b. Chymotrypsin
c. Pepsin
d. Amylase
e. Sucrase
Which of the following is NOT an example of
nonspecific immunity?
a. Lysosyme of saliva
b. Skin
c. Mucous lining of the lungs and trachea
d. Lower pH of the stomach
e. Plasma cells
Which of the following is true about the filtrate of the
glomerulus?
a. It contains little or no glucose
b. It contains little or no protein
c. It contains little or no sodium,
d. It contains little or no urea
e. It contains little or no potassium
Which of the following is not a hormone secreted by
the anterior pituitary?
a. TSH
b. FSH
c. ADH
d. LH
e. STH
Which of the following scenarios would be the
LEAST likely to initiate a response from the
sympathetic nervous system of the body?
a. Getting called on in class by the teacher when
you do not know the answer
b. Seeing a cop while you are driving too fast on
the highway
c. Walking through the woods seeing a bear in
the near distance
d. Walking from a mid afternoon nap as the
sunlight strikes your face
e. Hearing a dish break on the kitchen floor
right behind you