Name________________________
Quarter Final 3—Study Guide
Answer these questions in as much detail as possible on your own sheet of paper. Remember, this is YOUR study guide so the amount of work you put into it will help you or hurt you for your exam!
Scientific Method
Scientific Method: Define the following terms as they have to do with the scientific method.
1. Name the steps of the scientific method.
Why is the question, “Does vanilla taste better than chocolate?” not a good question to answer scientifically?
Characteristics of Life
A. List and explain each of the seven (7) characteristics of life in your own words.
1.________________________
2.________________________
3.________________________
4.________________________
5.________________________
6.________________________
7._______________________
B. Label the parts of a virus on the picture below.
C. What type of virus is the above picture?____________________________
What organisms do these viruses infect?
D. What three materials are viruses made of?
1.
2.
3.

E. What type of organism is shown in figure 18.2? ____________________
Describe the two parts it possesses that enables it to move.
Chemistry of Life
A. What type of elements on the periodic table form covalent bonds? _________________
B. A bond that is formed when 2 atoms share electrons is a(n) __________________ bond, while a bond that is formed when one atoms gives an electron to another atom is called a(n)
___________________ bond.
C. What is an ion?
Explain how ions are formed.
D. A _________________ is an ion with a positive charge, while a ______________ is an atom with a negative charge.
E. What is an isotope?
F. Draw a water molecule in the space below showing its polar charges.
G. What causes the water molecule that you drew to be polar? Explain.
H. What causes water molecules to form H-bonds?
I. What is an acid?
What is a base?
A base has more __________ions, while an acid has more ______________ ions.
A pH of a 2 would be very ____________, while a pH of a 13 would be very ________________.
K. If Tomato Juice has a pH of 4, and Orange Juice has a pH of 3, finish this statement.
Orange Juice is _______times more acidic than Tomato Juice.
If Melons have a pH of 6 and cherries have a pH of 4, then
Cherries are _______ times more acidic than Melons.
L. A substance that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to a solution is a
_______________.

Molecules of Life
1. Why is Carbon the backbone of life?
2. List the 4 organic molecules.
3. What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? ______________
Lipid_______________________
Protein____________________
Nucleic Acid_____________________
4. What atoms are present in a carb? ______________
Lipid_______________________
Protein____________________
Nucleic Acid_____________________
5. What are the different types of carbohydrates and the functions of each?
6. What are the different types of lipids and the functions of each?
7. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? Where do they each come from? Draw a picture to explain.
8. What is the function of a protein?
What makes each of the amino acids different?
9. What is the function of nucleic acids?
10. Label each of the macromolecules as one of the 4 organic molecules. Be able to recognize these!
11. Describe what a hydrolysis and condensation reaction is.

Cell Organelles
1. List the three parts of the cell theory.
2. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What parts are present in both?
3. Tell the function of the following organelles:
Nucleus-
Nucleolus-
Mitochondria-
Chloroplast-
Rough ER-
Smooth ER-
Golgi Complex-
Lysosome-
Vacuole-
Cell Membrane-
Cell Wall-
Centriole-
Cytoskeleton-
Cilia-
Flagella-
Cell Transport
1. What is passive transport?
2. What are the three different types of passive transport? Describe each.
1.
2.
3.
3. What kind of molecules and what concentration gradient move through passive transport?
4. What is active transport?
5. What are the three different types of active transport? Describe each.
1.
2.
3.

6. What kind of molecules and what concentration gradient move through active transport?
7. Describe the structure of the cell membrane. Use terms like hydrophilic, hydrophobic, phospholipid, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (cholesterol), …
8. Explain how this structure allows the membrane to be semi-permeable.
9. Be able to tell if a cell placed in a solution is hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic.
Cellular Respiration Study Guide
Helpful Hints!!
1. The location, input, and output of each step of cellular respiration.
2. Study the diagrams in your reading packet of each step of respiration.
3. Use the ‘cheat sheet’ that I gave you!!
Chemical Energy and ATP
1. Why is ATP described as the currency of the cell?
2. Draw the structure of ATP.
3. How is the energy in ATP released?
4. What type of bonds have to be broken to release the energy in ATP?
5. Describe the relationship between energy stored in food and ATP.
6. How does the energy content in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins differ?
7. How are ATP and ADP related?
Cellular Respiration
1. What is the function of Cellular Respiration?
2. Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
3. Which respiration processes are aerobic? Anaerobic?
4. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Connect each of the reactants and products to Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.
5. Cells produce the most energy in the presence of which molecule?
6. What is the total number of ATP made for each molecule of glucose during respiration?
Glycolysis
1. Where does Glycolysis take place?
2. What molecules are needed to start Glycolysis (reactants)?
3. What are the prodIncorrect amino acids; needs to redoucts of Glycolysis?
4. How is the net amount of ATP made in Glycolysis different from the total number of ATP produced?

5. Describe where the products of Glycolysis go in the cell.
6. What is the main function of Glycolysis?
Krebs Cycle
1. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
2. What molecules are needed to start the Krebs Cycle (reactants)?
3. What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
4. Describe how the Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis are related.
5. What is the role of NADH and FADH
2
?
6. What is the name of the 6 Carbon molecule that forms when Acetyl-CoA joins 2
Carbons to a 4 Carbon molecule?
7. What is the main function of the Krebs Cycle?
Electron Transport Chain
1. Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?
2. What molecules are needed to start the Electron Transport Chain (reactants)?
3. What are the products of the Electron Transport Chain?
4. Describe how the Electron Transport Chain and Krebs Cycle are related.
5. Explain the functions of electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen in the ETC.
6. What is the role of ATP synthase in the ETC?
7. What molecule in the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC?
8. Where do the extra carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up?
9. What is the main function of the ETC?
Label the following image:

Anaerobic Respiration
1. Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
2. When does anaerobic respiration take place?
3. Describe how fermentation and glycolysis are related.
4. What are the two types of fermentation? What are the products for each?
5. How many molecules of ATP are produced in fermentation?
6. What are some real world applications for each type of fermentation?
7. What are ways that aerobic and anaerobic respiration are similar? How are they different?
Photosynthesis Study Guide
Pigments
1. What are the different types of plant pigments?
2. Why are there different plant pigments?
3. Why are plants green? (Explain by using the terms absorb and reflect.)
4. Where are the pigments contained within the chloroplast?
5. What would you expect to happen if you grew a plant in green light?
6. Draw and label the parts of a chloroplast. Know where each step of photosynthesis occurs.
7. Why is the purpose of chromatography?
8. How does chromatography separate pigments?
9. How does chlorophyll contribute the first step of photosynthesis?
8. Photosynthesis
10. Write out the equation for photosynthesis. What is its relationship to the equation for respiration?
11. What is the BIG idea of photosynthesis?
12. How did we measure the rate photosynthesis in lab? Why is this a reliable way to measure photosynthesis?
13. The test tube held under the direct light was supposed to have a faster rate of photosynthesis. Why? What would happen if you moved the light source farther away from the test tube?
14. From what step of photosynthesis do the bubbles come from?
15. What is required from the environment for photosynthesis to occur? What are the products?
Light Reactions
16. Why are the first steps of photosynthesis named the light reactions?
17. Where do the light reactions occur?
18. Describe the events in Photosystem II. (Remember, PS II then PS I)
19. Describe the events in Photosystem I.

20. What do the light reactions produce? (looking for 2 molecules)
21. What is the main job of the light reactions?
Light Independent Reactions
22. Why is the name “dark reactions” not a good fit for the light independent reaction?
23. What is the other name for the light independent reaction?
24. Describe the events of the Calvin Cycle.
25. What extra ingredient does the Calvin Cycle need that was not needed in the light dependent reactions?
26. Where does the Carbon Dioxide used in the Calvin Cycle come from?
27. Where do the Light Independent Reactions occur?
DNA Structure, Replication, Transcription, and Translation Study Guide
Structure:
1. What does DNA stand for?
2. What is the difference between a trait and a gene?
3. DNA is made of what repeating monomer? Draw that monomer.
4. Explain the “Complimentary Rule”. Who proposed it?
5. What are the two functions of DNA?
6. DNA is made of what 3 parts? Draw a nucleotide.
7. Name the purines. Pyrimidines.
8. What are the 2 types of bonds found in a DNA molecule? Where is each type found?
9. Draw this strand of DNA including the complementary strand: AGGCCTAG
Replication
10. Why is DNA semiconservative?
11. Why does DNA replicate?
12. What is the outcome of replication?
13. Describe the process of DNA replication. Use diagrams.
14. How does replication differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
15. Explain the role of enzymes of in DNA replication.
16. Where does replication take place within the cell?
Transcription
17. What is transcription?
18. What is the outcome of transcription?
19. What are the 3 types of RNA created during transcription? What are each of their functions?

20. Describe the process of transcription. Use diagrams.
21. Where does transcription take place within the cell?
Translation
22. What are proteins? What are they made of and why are they important?
23. What is translation? Protein synthesis?
24. Describe the process of translation. Use diagrams.
25. What is a codon?
26. What is mRNA’s role in translation?
27. What is tRNA’s role in translation?
28. Where does translation take place within the cell?
29. Be able to Translate a mRNA sequence into a protein (chain of amino acids) using a codon chart.
30. Explain why DNA is the “code for life”. Use the words replication, transcription, translation, and proteins in your answer.