IB History Year 2: 20th Century World History
Ms. Makarczuk and Ms. Milne
Midterm Study Guide
PRESCRIB.
SUBJECT
Communism in Crisis (Paper 1)
TOPICS OF
CHOICE
Cold War
(Paper 2/T5)
Authoritarian States
(Paper 2/T3)
Europe: USSR (Lenin & Stalin),
Yugoslavia (Tito)
Middle East: Egypt (Nasser)
Nationalist / Independence
Movements in E. Europe (P2/T4)
Democratic Responses-UK (P2/T2)
 How did authoritarian regimes react to popular dissent?
Assess the generational shifts in leadership in authoritarian
states.
 Assess the role of differing ideologies in the origins of Cold
War
Examine the conflicting aims and policies of rival powers
Assess the aims of the totalitarian government and degree
to which they were achieved
Compare the methods by which totalitarian governments
were established.
**ADDITIONAL TOPICS
Unit 1: States & Governments
Economics: Capitalism, Socialism, Communism
Politics: Dictatorship, Totalitarianism, Theocracy, Monarchy, Parliamentary, Republic, Anarchy
Authority: Revolutionary, Totalitarian, Oligarchy/Plutocracy, Democracy
States, governments, regimes
States: Pre-Industrial, developing, Post-industrial
Welfare state, corporatism, competition,
Legitimacy, sovereignty, accountability, pluralism,
Democracy: Liberal, Constitutional, Representative
Parliamentary, Presidential, Semi-Presidential
Constitutional republics, constitutional monarchies
Checks and Balances: Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Globalization, democratization
Essential Questions and Understandings:
The relationship between government and the governed
The historical and environmental influences that guide ideological choices.
How have history, ideology, and interaction(s) shaped modern societies and govts?
How does the Cold War continue to shape international relationships?
Which concepts and terms are essential for understanding political systems?
What is the relationship of freedom and equality? Can both be achieved?
How has increased democratization impacted global relationships?
What is the relationship of religion and the state?
How do the market and the state interact?
How has globalization shaped post-Cold War regimes?
Unit 2: 20th Century Chronology & Cold War Origins
How does historiography impact interpretations of the Cold War?
Chronological development of rivalries, new states, phases of Cold War
Development of international institutions and organizations
Rise of Russia  Creation of the USSR:
Russia becomes Soviet Union under Lenin:
1905: Industrialization (Witte), Bloody Sunday, October
Manifesto, State Duma (Legislature)
Political Parties: Anarchists, Social Revolutionaries, Social
Democrats (Marxists) Bolsheviks vs. Mensheviks, Kadets,
Octoberists, Union of the Russian People, Czarists
1917: February Revolution, Provisional government Alexander
Kerensky, Strikes (Women too), Collapse of 2nd Gov’t
1917/1918: Lenin’s Return, Bolsheviks, “Bread, Land & Peace,”
October Revolution, Arrest of Tsar /Execution, Treaty of BrestLitovsk, Formation USSR, multiparty Civil War (1918-1922), War
Communism
1921: Kronstadt Revolt, Drought & Famine, NEP, Lenin’s 1st
strokes
1920s: NEP, Scissors crisis (’23 currency), labor laws,
literacy, Death of Lenin (1924), Last testimony (Stalin=unfit
ruler), Stalin and Trotsky split
1924: Constitution, authoritarian Politburo
Trotsky  Menshevik, leader of the red army during the
civil war, (Jewish anarchist devil or St. George the dragon
slayer?), believed in global communist revolution, exile,
Mexico, assassination (1940)
Stalin  Georgian, Commissar of Nationalities (17-23),
“Revolution in one country,” General Secretary of Central
Committee (1922-1953)
USSR under Stalin:
Totalitarian Government: 1 leader, 1 political party,
spies, propaganda, paranoia, elimination of enemies, cult of
personality, promote nationalism, state control of all
aspects of life: government, economy, military, family,
education (young pioneers), media (censorship, Pravda)…
Everyday Stalinism: 5 Year plans (1928-1991),
industrialization, collectivization, nomenklatura system,
forced labor camps (Siberian gulags), cult of Lenin, “Dizzy
with success,” “The Vanishing Commissar”
1932-1933: Holodomor (Ukrainian forced famine) punish/
purge Kulak class, genocide, 7-10 million people
** Commonly oppressed groups Ethnic minorities
(numbering in the millions), Jews, Kulaks, Religious leaders
1936: New Stalin Constitution, year of the stakhanovites
(record setting shock workers), roll back in rights of women
(duel burden of worker & homemaker, hero mothers,
abortion made illegal again)
*Stalin’s Henchmen: Beria (Cheka, NKVD), Molotov
(Nazi-Soviet Pact), Malenkov (missile program)
1936-1938: Purges/show trials, Trial of 21 (Bukharin,
Trotsky, Rykov)
Beria has to go, Malenkov is a no, Khrushchev runs
the show
Paper 2 Topic 3
Theme 1: Origins and nature of authoritarian and single-party states
Conditions that produced authoritarian and single-party states
Totalitarianism: the aim and the extent to which it was achieved
Emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support
Theme 2: Establishment of authoritarian and single party states
Methods: force, legal
Form of government, (left-and right-wing) ideology
Nature, extent and treatment of opposition
Theme 3: Domestic policies and impact
Structure and organization of government and administration
Political, economic, social and religious policies
Role of education, the arts, the media, propaganda
Statues of women, treatment of religious groups and minorities
Unit 3: The Cold War (Paper 2-Topic 5)
Assess the role of differing ideologies in the origins of Cold War
Examine the conflicting aims and policies of rival powers.
- The Struggle for Europe – USSR, Berlin,
- Globalization of the Cold War – Asia, Latin America, Middle East
- Competition and Co-Existence
Cold War Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Wartime Conferences: Tehran 1943, Yalta 1945, Potsdam 1945
Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 1946
Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 1946 (and Stalin’s reply)
Truman Doctrine, March 1947 and Cominform, October 1947
Marshall Plan, June 1947
Red Army occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945-1947
Czech Coup, February 1948
Berlin Crisis: Blockade, June 1948 & Airlift until May 1949
NATO established, 1949, East and West Germany split, 1949
COMECON Founded 1949
NSC-68, April 1950
East German Worker’s Strike
Potential Paper 2 Questions:
** Examine the conflicting aims and policies of rival powers which caused the Cold War
**"An unnatural alliance that was bound to fall apart after the defeat of the common enemy." To what extent does this
statement explain the origin of the Cold War? To what extent does this statement explain the origin of the Cold War?
** “The Cold War was caused by fear, not aggression.” To what extent does this view explain how the Cold War
developed between 1945 and 1949?
**How, and to what extent, did the conferences at Yalta and Potsdam (1945) contribute to the origin of the Cold War?
** To what extent did events in the final year of the Second World War turn wartime allies into Cold War enemies?
** Assess the part played by differing ideologies in the origin of the Cold War.
**Analyse the origin of East-West rivalry and explain why it developed into the Cold War.
**For what reasons, and with what results, did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan effect Cold War
development?
** For what reasons, and with what results, were there disagreements between participants at the conferences of Yalta
and Potsdam in 1945?
HISTORIOGRAPHY:
Marxist:
Western Liberal / Western Traditional:
Soviet Orthodox:
Revisionist:
Post-Revisionist:
Post Cold War:
Unit 4: Authoritarian States (PAPER 2-Topic 3)
Assess the aims of the totalitarian government and degree to which they were achieved.
Compare the methods by which totalitarian governments were established.
Compare authoritarian states – left vs. right wing ideologies
Europe: USSR (Lenin & Stalin), Yugoslavia (Tito)
Middle East: Egypt (Nasser)
Theme 1: Origins and nature of authoritarian and single-party states
Conditions that produced authoritarian and single-party states
Totalitarianism: the aim and the extent to which it was achieved
Emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support
Theme 2: Establishment of authoritarian and single party states
Methods: force, legal
Form of government, (left-and right-wing) ideology
Nature, extent and treatment of opposition
Theme 3: Domestic policies and impact
Structure and organization of government and administration
Political, economic, social and religious policies
Role of education, the arts, the media, propaganda
Statues of women, treatment of religious groups and minorities
Tito
Background:
Balkans  Ottoman and Austro Hungarian control
Origins of WWI (Assassination of Franz Ferdinand)
Rise of Tito:
WWII: Partisans  resistance group led by Josip Broz
(aka Tito)  Defeat Germans, Establish communist
government, Yugoslavian Federation
Nasser
Background: Egypt
1800s: Independent, but under Ottoman control
18050s & 1860s: French company builds Suez Canal
1880s: British but controlling stake in canal
Post WWI: British Protectorate
1936-1952: Reign of King Farouk (tool of the British)
Authoritarianism:
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)
Prime Minister 1943-1963, President 1953-1980
Rise to Power:
Military, fought in 1948 Arab-Israeli border clashes
Free Officers Movement
1952 coup (VP)
1954  President
Suppressed nationalist insurrections
(accusations of systematic elimination of ethnic Germans)
Key Terms: Arab Nationalism, Pan Arabism, Arab
Socialism, Nasserism
Break with Stalin (Tito-Stalin split 1948-1951)
-The first (and only successful) Cominform member to defy
Soviet hegemony
Authoritarianism & Domestic Policies:
-1956 Constitution (single party state)
-Suppression of opposition (Communists and Muslim
Brotherhood)
*authoritarian dictatorship*
Non-Aligned Movement (1961+)
1956: Aswan Dam Project and Suez Crisis
Titoism: Marxist-Leninist socialism, but independent from
USSR
1961: Non-Aligned Movement, United Arab Republic
Death: 1980
1967: Six Day War
Non-Aligned Movement:
• 1955: Bandung Conference (Asian-African Conference)
• Five founding members: India, Yugoslavia, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana
• Goals of NAM: National independence, sovereignty, Territorial integrity, Security of non-aligned
countries in their struggle against  imperialism, colonialism, racism, foreign aggression, occupation, domination
Potential Paper 2 and 3 Questions:
SL: 20th Century World (Paper 2)
HL: HOA (Paper 3)
Compare and contrast the rise to power of two rulers of
single-party states, each chosen from a different country.
To what extent were the wars of independence in Latin
America due to the grievances of the Creoles against the
peninsular Spaniards? Support your answer with reference
to one independence movement.
Assess the role of economic and social policies as factors
explaining the consolidation and maintenance of power of
two of the following: Lenin, Stalin, Tito, Nasser.
Compare and contrast the foreign policies of two rulers of
single-party states, each chosen from a different country.
Assess the methods used by either Nasser or Stalin to
remain in power
Examine the global impact of one ruler of a single-party
state.
Evaluate the relative impact of economic measures and
political ideas, in promoting independence in two colonies
of the region.
With reference to two countries of the region, to what
extent did the civil rights of Native Americans change from
the 1960s to the 1980s?
Why was the African American Civil Rights Movement in the
United States more effective in the years 1954 to 1964
than in the late 1960s?
Explain how and why the position of African Americans
improved in United States society between 1877 and 1945.
HOA Review:
Unit 1: Colonization to Independence
movements
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17th- and 18th-century
Enlightenment thought
Key events
Native American Indians
Slave trade
Varieties of immigrant
motivation, ethnicities, and
experiences
Colonial experience: political
Colonial charters and selfgovernment
Colonial slavery
Freedom of the press: the
Zenger case
Salutary neglect, rights of
citizens in America
The forces that contributed to
the rise of the independence
movements
The paths the movements
followed
Characteristics of
independence processes
Immediate effects of the
independence movements
Unit 4 - US Civil War: causes,
course and effects 1840-77
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Economic and social
conditions leading up
to the war
Origins of the Civil
War
The course of the war
Reconstruction
African Americans in
the Civil War and in
the New South
Unit 8 - The Great Depression
and the America’s 1865-1929
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Causes of the Great
Depression
Nature and Efficacy of
Solutions of the Great
Depression
Impact of the Great
Depression
Unit 11 - Civil Rights Movement
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The Beginning of the
Movement
The Kennedy years:
Civil rights actions
Johnson and the Great
Society: continued
demands for equality:
civil rights movement
The modern women’s
movement
Rising consciousness of
Hispanic-Americans
Demands for equality:
American Indian
Movement (AIM) and
other protests
Rights of the accused