FINAL TEST
REVIEW!!
WHAT IS A LANDFORM?
• Landform: any natural
formation of rock and dirt.
• Topography: Detailed,
description of a landform
–Example: smooth, rough,
steep
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
• Occurs when plates
push together
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
• Occurs when plates
pull apart
TRANSFORM
FAULT
• Occurs when plates
slide past each other
EXTERNAL PROCESSES
• Weathering: caused by
water on surface of rocks,
plants whose roots break
up rocks or by animals
• Erosion: movement of
the broken particles away
from their source
– Rainfall, rivers, glaciers
EXTERNAL PROCESSES
MAJOR LANDFORMS
• Three major landform regions of the western US
meet in Utah
• Basins (wide bowl shaped areas of land)
• Plateaus (high, wide flat areas of land)
• Mountains (big base and small peaks)
THREE REGIONS OF UTAH
Rocky Mountain
Great
Basin
Colorado
Plateau
UTAH’S CLIMATE
• Climate = weather conditions over a long period of time
• Weather = current conditions over a short period of time
• Several factors affect Utah’s climate:
– 1. Our latitude or how far north of equator
– 2. Our altitude or how high we are above sea level
– 3. Our distance from the ocean
– 4. Tall California mountains blocking rain clouds coming from the ocean
RAINSHADOW EFFECT
WHAT IS WILDERNESS?
• Wilderness areas in the United
States are uncultivated and
undeveloped lands that are
protected by law. Wilderness is
the land that is – rare, wild
places where we can leave
civilization and reconnect with
the Earth. Most people
recognize wilderness to be the
areas of the world that humans
do not control and have not
developed with roads, pipelines,
industry or agriculture.
CONTROVERSY OVER WILDERNESS
• 1. People want wilderness areas
• 2. People don’t want wilderness areas because of the
natural resources in the land.
• 3. People don’t want wilderness areas because of farming
and ranching
WILDERNESS
• List at least 3 ways National Parks are different than Wilderness
– National Parks have campgrounds, visitor centers, hiking and
biking trails
– Recreational activities like snowmobiling are allowed
– Usually, not always, wilderness areas do not allow those
activities
POPULATION
• Population: the number
of people in specified
areas
• Demographics: the study
of human population
GEOLOGY
• Geologist: Someone who studies earth’s history through
rock and land formations
• Fossil Fuels: A natural fuel such as gas, coal or oil formed in
the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
THE ERAS:
PRECAMBRIAN
•Oldest,
largest layer
and has the
world’s oldest
rocks
THE ERAS:
PA L E O Z O I C
•Contains
earth’s fossil
fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas)
THE ERAS:
MESOZOIC
•Dinosaurs and
start of the
Rocky Mountains
THE ERAS: CENOZOIC
• Mammoths
and Saber
Tooth Tigers
• ICE AGE
• People
VOCABULARY
• Historic: The time period after writing was invented
• Pre-Historic: The time period before written records
• Archeologist: Someone who sutides early people and artifacts
• Artifact: man made object to tell a story of the past
• Primary Source: first hand account- witnessed the event
– Letter, Journal Entry
• Secondary Source: even told by someone who did not witness the
event
– Newspapers, books
PRE – HISTORIC INDIANS
• Paleo: wicki – up and spear
• Archaic: wicki – up and spear and atlatl
• Anasazi: Bow and arrow and pit house and cliff
dwelling
• Fremont: Bow and arrow and pit house and cliff
dwelling
HISTORIC INDIANS
• Ute: tepee *LARGEST tribe in Utah*
• Shoshone: tepee
• Piute: wicki – up
• Goshute: wicki – up
• Navajo: Hogan
LEWIS AND CLARK
• Who asked them to travel West?
– President Thomas Jefferson
• Who sold them the area? And for how much?
– France for $15 million dollars
• What river did they travel on most?
– Missouri River
• Why was Sacagawea so important?
– She knew the land and led them through unknown territory.
– She was an interpreter and helped with other native American tribes
• How many total years was the journey?
– Nearly 2 years
DOMINGUEZ AND ESCALANTE
– Find a route from
Santa Fe to Monterey
– Most important
artifact: MAPS!
PIONEER
• Definition: Any of the people in American
history that migrated west to take part in
settling and developing new areas.
TYPES OF PIONEERS
• Mountain Men
– Opened up new trails for pioneers
• Cowboy
– Introduced cattle to the west
• Prospector/Miner
– Found gold or precious metal
• Settler
– Set up first towns
PUSH AND PULL FACTORS FOR THE
MORMON PIONEERS
• Push:Violence, religion
• Pull: Practice in peace, Safe, in Mexico
DIFFICULTIES COMING WEST
• Left families and friends, maybe forever
• Long trip
• Dangerous
• Rough
• Waterless
• Native American threat
• No fresh food or vegetables
• Diseases
FEDERAL LEVEL
– President
– Each state sends
representatives
– Jobs: National defense,
border security, foreign
affairs, pass laws for
nation
– Powers: coin money,
declare war and sign
treaties
STATE LEVEL
– Elect own representatives
– Head of state: Governor
• Jobs: Sees laws carried out,
commands National Guard,
approves laws, make own
laws
– Powers: free range of power to
meet needs in the state,
ratifying amendments to US
Constitution, public health and
safety, public education
TRIBAL
LEVEL
• But…
– They have self rule
on reservations
– Make their own
laws, form
agreements with
states, collect taxes,
run own schools
– Have tribal
presidents, tribal
council and tribal
courts
– Reservations are
independent of the
state they are in
– Not required to
follow laws or
policies created at
state level
LOCAL LEVEL
• County:
• City and Town:
– Elected representatives
– Leader: Mayor
– Jobs: Respond to
emergencies, making and
repairing roads, managing
parks, enforcing law
– City counsel members are
elected
– Powers: Driver’s licenses,
marriage licenses, birth
certificates
– Jobs: Police and Fire
departments, garbage
collection, clean water, provide
public parks, sports fields
CONSTITUTION AND STATEHOOD
• Territories MUST follow
guidelines to become a
state
• Once complete, Congress
and President vote for
admittance
• States can add
amendments
REYNOLDS VS THE UNITED
STATES
• Members of the LDS Church thought their practice of
plural marriage was protected under the Bill of Rights. They
were certain it would hold up in court.
• Court case reached the Supreme Court (highest court in
America)
• Courts ruled in favor of United States stating.. “protect right
to believe not practice”
LAWS PROHIBITING
POLYGAMY
• Edmunds Act: Polygamy was punishable by five years of
imprisonment and a $500 fine. Polygamists could not hold
office, serve on jury or vote in elections.
• Edmunds – Tucker Act: Required plural wives to testify
against their husbands, took vote away from all Utah
women and polygamists men. Abolished local militia and
confiscated all property of LDS Church.
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
• 19th Amendment: gave women the right to vote
• Ratified August 18, 1920
• Women’s right to vote, own property and have jobs
BENEFITS OF BECOMING A STATE
• Belong to the Union
• State powers: handles internal affairs
• Representation in the United States government
• Rights and freedoms
• Citizens can vote
• States have their own organized government
• Can enforce and create own laws
• Govern in partnership with the federal government
BILL OF RIGHTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Congress cannot make a law that affects the establishment of religion, restricts a person's right or the
press's right to free speech, or restricts the right of people to gather together in a peaceful manner.
Citizens have the right to own guns.
During times of peace soldiers cannot take up residence in someone else's house without that
owner's permission.
A person, his house and belongings cannot be searched or taken, and he cannot be given a warrant
without good reason.
You cannot be tried for a serious crime without a Grand Jury deciding there is enough evidence for a
trial.
A person should be given a speedy and public trial by a jury of his peers in the state and district
where he committed the crime.
A person has the right to a jury in a civil case where more than $20 is being disputed.
Excessive bail and/or fines shall not be ordered, and cruel and unusual punishments can't be imposed
You have rights beyond those listed in the Constitution.
Areas and laws that aren't governed or prohibited directly by the Constitution may be made by
individual states
UNITED STATES AND UTAH’S
POLITICAL PARTIES
Political Parties in the Utah Territory
• People’s Party – Mormons
• Liberal Party – Non Mormons
Statehood: January 4 1896
Political Parties in the
USA
• Democratic and
Republican
IRRIGATION
• Definition: To water crops by moving
water using man-made means rather than
relying on rainfall alone.
• Pioneers used ditch irrigation
SURFACE
MINING
1. Extraction of elements from
the earths surface
2. Strip mining: layer of rock is
removed to reveal minerals
3. Open Pit: creation of giant
hole as minerals are extracted
4. Dredging: scooping mud and
soil from river or body of water
UNDERGROUND
MINING
• 1. Mining far
beneath the earths
surface
• 2. Deep vertical
shafts lead to
tunnels
• 3. Have special
machines made for
tunnels
• 4. Special shafts are
dug for ventilation
• 5. When mining
complete, fill mine
with cement
PROS AND CONS OF MINING
• Pros:
The materials mined influence our
lives daily. Oil, extracted and
refined, helps operate vehicles.
Diamonds look nice in jewelry.
Diamonds also serve as efficient
bits on drills. Coal and natural gas
are principal products in creating
electricity and heating homes.
Lithium is important for batteries
in our cell phones. Steel is used to
build skyscrapers, metals used to
build cars, to minerals used in
computers and technology. And
last, cars rely on precious metals
like platinum to run.
• Cons:
• Mining has enormous
environmental impacts. Whenever
mining takes place, large amounts
of removed rock and soil are piled
up as the mine progresses. Erosion
is increased. Local waters can be
polluted. Surface and groundwater
flows are disrupted. Natural
habitats are altered. Chemicals and
gases are released into the air.
Holes, barren areas and pits left
behind.
TOURISM
• 1 out of every 18 people in America works in a travel or tourism related industry.
• The more tourism grows the more jobs are created
• People need to work at all of these tourist activities
– Restaurants
– Theme Parks
– Hotels
– Gas Stations
– National Parks
NATIONAL PARKS IN UTAH
• Zion’s National Park
• Bryce Canyon National Park
• Capitol Reef National Park
• Arches National Park
• Canyonlands National Park