Biomolecules Pre-AP

How are the structure and functions of
the biomolecules similar and different?
By Mr. Simonds
Biomolecules


Biomolecules (AKA: Macromolecules) are
carbon based molecules made by living
things.
4 Types




Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acids
Polymer vs. Monomer


Polymer- a molecule composed of many
smaller units.
Monomer – the smaller unit contained in
a polymer.
Monomer
Polymer
Lipids: Fats, Oils, & Waxes
Fats store energy


Long CH chain
Function:

energy storage

Twice as much as
Carbohyhdrates

cushion organs

insulates body

think whale blubber!
Why do humans
like fatty foods?
Saturated fats


All C bonded to H
No C=C double bonds



long, straight chain
most animal fats
solid at room temp.

contributes to
cardiovascular disease
(atherosclerosis)
= plaque deposits
Unsaturated fats

C=C double bonds in
the fatty acids



plant & fish fats
vegetable oils
liquid at room temperature

the kinks made by double
bonded C prevent the
molecules from packing
tightly together
mono-unsaturated?
poly-unsaturated?
Saturated vs. unsaturated
saturated
unsaturated
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates


Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH
CC66H
(CH
H12
2O)
12O6
2O)
x x
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
-ose: means that something is a sugar.


Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Lactose
Function:

Energy Source
u
Energy Storage
Carbohydrates

Monomer: sugars

Polymer: starch or Cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Starch
Types of Carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates



Single or Double sugar molecules
Used quickly by the body
Complex Carbohydrates


Long strands of sugars, such as starch
and “fiber”
Used slower than simple carbs but faster
than other energy sources.
Proteins
Proteins

Most structurally & functionally diverse group

Function: involved in almost everything



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


enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase)
structure (keratin, collagen)
carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin)
cell communication
 signals (insulin & other hormones)
 receptors
defense (antibodies)
movement (actin & myosin) [Muscle]
storage (bean seed proteins)
Protein Structure and Function

Monomer- Animo Acids
Polymer – Protein

Made of: C,H,O,N

A protein’s specific shape determines
how it functions.

Too much activation energy for life

Activation energy


amount of energy needed to destabilize
the bonds of a molecule
moves the reaction over an “energy hill”
glucose
Not a match!
That’s too much
energy to expose
living cells to!
Reducing Activation energy

Catalysts

reducing the amount of energy to
start a reaction
uncatalyzed reaction
Pheeew…
that takes a lot
less energy!
catalyzed reaction
NEW activation energy
reactant
product
Catalysts

So what’s a cell got to do to reduce
activation energy?

get help! … chemical help…
ENZYMES
Call in the
ENZYMES!
G
Proteins

Enzymes, another type of protein,
controls the rate of reactions.


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-ase means that something is an enzyme
Example: Protease, Lactase, Amylase
Example: Lactase is an enzyme that
breaks down lactose, a sugar.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids

Function:

genetic material

stores information


DNA

transfers information


proteins
genes
blueprint for building proteins
 DNA  RNA  proteins
blueprint for new cells
blueprint for next generation
Nucleic Acids

Structure:


Made of: C,H,O,N,P
RNA (ribonucleic acid)


DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)


single helix
double helix
Structure:


monomers = nucleotides
Polymer =
DNA
RNA
Review Questions

Name the four Biomolecules:


What are Carbohydrates used for?


Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, and
Nucleic Acid
To store energy for later use
What are Nucleic Acids for?

To store genetic information
Review Questions

What do lipids do for you?


The store energy and help keep you
warm.
Give an example of a food where you
would find protein.

Any meat
Review Questions

Give an example of a food where you
would find a lot of carbohydrates.


Potato, bread, pasta, etc
Give an example of food with a lot of
lipids.

Pizza, butter, any fatty food.
Lock and Key model

Simplistic model of
enzyme action

substrate fits into 3-D
structure of enzyme’
active site


H bonds between substrate
& enzyme
like “key fits into lock”
In biology…
Size
doesn’t matter…
Shape matters!
Induced fit model

More accurate model of enzyme action


3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate
substrate binding cause enzyme to change
shape leading to a tighter fit


“conformational change”
bring chemical groups in position to catalyze
reaction