Everything You Wanted To
Remember About Memory.
Study these
terms, don’t
forget
And a good grade
on the test you
will get!
Three Kinds of Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
• Process we use to remember knowledge or
skills we’ve learned in the past is called…
The Kinds of Memory
Answer
• Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
• Being able to remember what you did over
the weekend would be an example of this
kind of memory.
The Kinds of Memory
Answer
• Episodic Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
• These kind of memories are special because
once you learn them, they tend to last a
lifetime.
The Kinds of Memory
Answer
• Procedural Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
• Memory of an event so surprising or
significant to us that it is as if we
photographed it in our mind.
• 9/11 would be an example of this.
The Kinds of Memory
Answer
• Flashbulb Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
• Multiplication tables, the first president of
the U.S. are both examples of this kind of
memory.
The Kinds of Memory
Answer
• Generic Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
• Riding a bike, swimming, playing an
instrument, texting are all examples of this
kind of memory.
The Kinds of Memory
Answer
• Procedural Memory
Three Processes of Memory
Three Processes of Memory
• The processing of information into the
memory system.
• This is like typing info into a computer
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Encoding
Three Processes of Memory
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
• Saving information into a computer.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Storage
Three Processes of Memory
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
• Finding where you saved a document and
then opening it up.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Retrieval
Three Processes of Memory
• You recognize an actor in the movie but
when you go to say his name just the first
letter of his name comes to mind. You
know you know the name but it won’t pop
into your consciousness. This is an
example of…
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Three Processes of Memory
• An example of this is when you’re angry
you remember other times you were angry.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• State Dependent Memory
Three Processes of Memory
• You get home and don’t remember that
there was any homework for class. The
next day as you walk into class you
suddenly remember the teacher explaining
the assignment. This is an example of…
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Context Effect
Three Processes of Memory
• Being asked to name the 7 dwarfs off the
top of your head is an example of this kind
of retrieval task.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Recall
Three Processes of Memory
• Multiple choice questions are an example of
this kind of retrieval task.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Recognition
Three Processes of Memory
• A way of getting information to storage
where a person repeats information over
and over.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Maintenance Rehearsal
Three Processes of Memory
• When you relate information to something
you already know. This way of getting
something into storage will cause it to last
longer.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Elaborative Rehearsal
Three Processes of Memory
• This type of encoding is the least effective
form and is when you picture things in your
mind.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Visual Encoding
Three Processes of Memory
• Saying something over and over in your
mind to encode it or just being able to
remember what the teacher said in class is
an example of this kind of encoding.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Acoustic Encoding
Three Processes of Memory
• When you encode the meaning of
something. This is the best form of
encoding.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Semantic Encoding
Three Processes of Memory
• When you make the information meaningful
by relating it to your own life and
experiences. A type of semantic encoding.
The Processes of Memory
Answer
• Self-Reference Effect.
Mnemonics
Mnemonics
• Placing items you want to remember
throughout the room or your house.
Mnemonics
Answer
• Method of Loci
Mnemonics
• Remembering a grocery list by kinds of
food (dairy, snacks, breakfast foods)
Mnemonics
Answer
• Categorical Clustering
Mnemonics
• Learning your numbers by using the saying
• One, Two Freddy’s coming for You
• Three, Four better lock the door…
Mnemonics
Answer
• Peg-Word System
Mnemonics
• HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie,
Superior
• This is an example of…
Mnemonics
Answer
• Acronym
Mnemonics
• Example: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt
Sally (Math)
• Example: Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge
(Music)
Mnemonics
Answer
• Acrostic
Mnemonics
• Example: Elvis shook his pelvis
• Stalactite holds tight to the ceiling
Mnemonics
Answer
• Keyword System
Mnemonics
• Link a set of isolated words by creating
visual representations for the words and
then picturing interactions among the items.
• Example: If you had to remember a list of
random things like an aardvark, pencil,
table and book picture the aardvark sitting
on a table holding pencil in its claws and
writing in a book.
Mnemonics
Answer
• Interactive Images
Three Stages of Memory
Three Stages of Memory
• This extremely brief memory holds info just
long enough for us to process basic physical
characteristics.
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Sensory
Three Stages of Memory
• Another name for Short-Term Memory
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Working Memory
Three Stages of Memory
• A brief memory of an image that only lasts
for a fraction of a second is what kind of
memory?
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Iconic Memory
Three Stages of Memory
• A brief memory of a sound that lasts for
several seconds.
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Echoic Memory
Three Stages of Memory
• This stage of memory can hold 7 items + or
– 2 for about 30 seconds and it basically
whatever you are consciously thinking
about.
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Short-Term Memory
Three Stages of Memory
• This person’s experiment showed that our
sensory memory is actually quite large even
though it may only last for a fraction of a
second.
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Sperling
Three Stages of Memory
• The fact that when you counted the number
of passes the ghost images were making in
the video we watched that most of you
missed the lady with the umbrella shows the
idea of …
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Selective Attention
Three Stages of Memory
• You look up a phone number and then say it
to yourself for several seconds as you walk
across the room to dial it. What is this an
example of?
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Maintenance Rehearsal
Three Stages of Memory
• When given a list to remember you most
likely will recall what parts of the list?
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Beginning (Primacy Effect)
• End (Recency Effect)
Three Stages of Memory
• When remembering a phone number you
remember it as: 616 850 6172 rather than
6168506172. This demonstrates…
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Chunking
Three Stages of Memory
• This stage of memory:
– Function—organizes and stores information
– Unlimited capacity
– Duration—thought by some to be permanent
Three Stages of Memory
Answer
• Long-Term Memory
Forgetting
Forgetting
• At what stage of memory can forgetting
occur?
Forgetting
Answer
• Any stage
Forgetting
• Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon is an
example of forgetting at which stage of
memory?
Forgetting
Answer
• Retrieval
Forgetting
• A clue, prompt, or hint that triggers recall
• A question on a test is an example of this.
Forgetting
Answer
• Retrieval Cue
Forgetting
• Which is easier a recall test or recognition
test?
Forgetting
Answer
• Recognition Test
Forgetting
• Better recall if tested in classroom where you
initially learned information is an example of this
type of memory based on a retrieval cues.
Forgetting
Answer
• Context-Dependent Memory
Forgetting
• Recall improved if internal physiological or
emotional state is the same during testing
and initial encoding
Forgetting
Answer
• State-Dependent Memory
Forgetting
• Positive mood will likely cause you to
remember other times you were positive.
This is an example of…
Forgetting
Answer
• Mood Congruence
Forgetting
• T or F: There is no such thing as having a
perfect memory of something.
Forgetting
Answer
• True
Forgetting
• New or Old Memories can get in the way of
us retrieving information in a process
called…
Forgetting
Answer
• Interference
Forgetting
• This is your metal framework to interpret
information. For instance, when a person
says “dog” you immediately think of a
certain kind of dog in your head. Your
brain uses these to complete the gaps in
your memory.
Forgetting
Answer
• Schemas
Forgetting
• Type of memory that is distorted and
inaccurate memory that feels completely
real and is often accompanied by all the
emotional impact of a real memory.
Forgetting
Answer
• False Memory
Forgetting
• When the true source of the memory (how,
when, & where it was acquired) is
forgotten.
Forgetting
Answer
• Source Confusion
Forgetting
• This person’s studies showed us that
memory can be distorted easily that it most
likely is an imperfect reconstruction of
events.
Forgetting
Answer
• Elizabeth Loftis
Forgetting
• Incorporating misleading information into
one’s memory of an event.
• Like the professor in the eyewitness video
saying “I think he had a funny nose.”
Forgetting
Answer
• Misinformation Effect
Forgetting
• When it comes to memory it is important to
remember that memory is always a
___________.
Forgetting
Answer
• Reconstruction
Forgetting
• Are children’s memories very accurate?
Forgetting
Answer
• No, they are open to suggestion.
Forgetting
• This showed that there is a rapid forgetting
of information at first but then it levels out
over time.
Forgetting
Answer
• Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Forgetting
• Ebbinghaus proved that the more ______
spent learning something the more info a
person would retain.
Forgetting
Answer
• Time
Forgetting
• At what process of memory does not paying
attention cause the most forgetting?
Forgetting
Answer
• Encoding
Forgetting
• When an OLD memory interferes with
remembering NEW information
Forgetting
Answer
• Proactive Interference
Forgetting
• When a NEW memory interferes with
remembering OLD information
Forgetting
Answer
• Retroactive Interference
Forgetting
• When something is too upsetting, your
unconscious mind tries to protect you from
by preventing you from remembering it.
Forgetting
Answer
• Repression
Forgetting
• When you consciously try to forget
something.
• Remember the number we said to forget in
class? 
Forgetting
Answer
• Suppression
Forgetting
• The theory that states that memories fade
away over time.
Forgetting
Answer
• Decay Theory
Forgetting
• This type of amnesia is probably caused by
the fact that when you are so young the part
of your brain used for making memories is
not fully formed yet (hippocampus).
Forgetting
Answer
• Infantile Amnesia
Forgetting
• Usually caused by injury this type of
amnesia prevents a person from forming
new memories.
Forgetting
Answer
• Anterograde Amnesia
Forgetting
• Usually caused by injury this type of
amnesia prevents the person from
remembering anything from before the
injury or trauma.
Forgetting
Answer
• Retrograde Amnesia