Renal System
•Gross structure of the kidneys cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal calyxes and
pelvis, ureter.
•Gross size and weight (300~400 g) of kidneys (about 0.5% of body weight)
in humans
Anatomy of the Kidney
 The nephron is the basic unit of renal
structure and functions.
Nephron
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Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted
Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Tubular Secretion and Reabsorption
Role of kidney
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Apart from urine formation

Blood pressure from Renin production
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RBC production from Erythropoietin
Combining form
Cyst/o--urinary bladder
Urethr/o
urethra
Ureter/o
ureter
Pyel/o
renal pelvis
Nephr/o
kidney
Vesic/o
urinary bladder
Ren/o
kidney
Pathology of the Kidney
Nephrolithiasis - Kidney stones (renal calculi)
 Nephrotic syndrome - A group of symptoms caused
by excessive protein loss in the urine (also called
nephrosis)
 Polycystic kidneys - Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts)
within and upon the kidney
 Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of the renal pelvis
and renal medulla
 Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the kidney
glomerulus (Bright disease)

Polycystic kidneys
Pathology of the Kidney
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Renal cell carcinoma - Cancerous tumor of the kidney in
adulthood
Renal failure - Failure of the kidney to excrete urine
Renal hypertension - High blood pressure resulting from
kidney disease
Wilms tumor – Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring
in childhood
Diabetes mellitus - Inadequate secretion or improper
utilization of insulin
Anuria: abnormal condition of no urine production
Investigation

Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB): X-ray image
of the kideys and urinary tract without the use of
contrast.
 Cystoscopy:
 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): measures the
amount of urea in the blood.
 retrograde pyelogram (RP): x-ray film of the
urinary tract with contrast material injected via a
cather into the urethra.
 Urography:
Treatment procedures

Dialysis: seperation of waste material from blood by
a machine.
 Lithotripsy: shock waves are beamed into a patient
to crush urinary tract stones.
 Urinary catheterization: passing of a catheter
through the urethra and bladder for drainage of
urine.
 Renal transplantation:
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Noct (night)
Olig (few)
Tripsy (crushing)
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder)
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
UTI (urinary tract infection)
CRF (chronic renal failure?, corticotropin releasing
factor?)
ARF (acute renal failure?)