Mrs. Craig
Returned monarchies after Napoleon’s
defeat
 Klemens Metternich of Austria
mastermind behind the “Concert”
 Goal: Keep France in check
 Goal: Stamp out Liberalism or
Nationalism anywhere it appears in
Europe
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 Decembrists-
Russia
 Spain/Portugal
 Greeks/ Serbia
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Boyar class/military background
Found glory in Napoleon’s invasion
Secret Societies -to change Russia
Opportunity arises on death of Czar
Alexander I -delay in naming new Czar
Czar Nicholas I puts down disorganized
uprising
Sets tone for increased repression in Russia
for19th century
How does this compare to The Fronde??
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Bourbon dynasty restored
Ferdinand VII tore up constitutional reforms
of 1812 ( under Napoleon); dissolves Cortes.
Revolt against Ferdinand by army officers,
merchants, intelligensia
Ferdinand restores constitution and Cortes
Metternich’s policy of intervention comes to
Ferdinand’s rescue!- French army used
First challenge to Metternich- Concert splitEngland leaves.
Monarchy restored
Monroe Doctrine!!
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Want emancipation from Ottoman Turk rule
Greek hero- Ypsilanti (also officer in Russian
army) leads several uprising
Romantic sympathy for Greek plight
Balance of power- fear Russian dominance in
Balkans increases British/French help to Yps.
Turkish/Egyptian fleet sunk 1827
Treaty of Adrianople- limits Russian territory
annexation, recognizes small independent
Greek kingdom.
 Decembrists-
unsuccessful
 Spain/Portugal- unsuccessful
 Greeks/ Serbia- “Successful”
 Italy
 Poland
 Belgium
 France
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Louis XVIII restored/Constitutional Monarchy/
Liberal domestic policies
Charter with Chambers of Peers and Deputies
Returning emigres +Metternich force
revocation of Charter
Charles X- conservative- succeeds Louis XVIII
Absolutism returns! Dissolves chamber!
Four Ordinances!!! Causes July Revolution
leads to ‘Les Trois Glorieuses’
Charles flees
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Liberal leaders emerge- Thiers and Guizot
Republic versus Constitutional Monarchy
Lafayette??--no
King Louis Philippe
Known as Bourgeois King
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Congress of Vienna-R & PR fight over Poland
Czar Alex I allows Poland liberal constitution
Nicholas I restricts Polish liberties
Influenced by news of French Rev 1830, revolt
Resist Russia for 1 year- Warsaw falls/martial
law imposed
Revolutionaries/poets/musicians(Chopin) leave
Results in Russification program
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Austria & Pope obstacles to Italian unification.
Secret societies to support unification began
Carbonari rise up in 1831 to be put down by
Austrian troops
Rise of Mazzini- visionary of a unified
republican Italy.
Forms Young Italy
Failed attempt at a Roman republic but ideas
are planted– only to grow later.
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After Napoleon, Belgium Holland and
Netherland form loose political/economic
union.
Holland had political advantage
Belgium revolt against Dutch rule- students,
workers with middle class leadership
National Congress created constitutional
monarchy-Leopold of Saxe-Coburg
Religious tolerance/limit king power
Belgium beats another(1832) Netherland
invasion with Fr and Br help/ guarantee
Belgium independence and neutrality.
 Italy
failed
 Poland
failed
 Belgium SUCCESS!!!
 France
failed
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France
Italy
Germany
Austria
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This Revolution was the catalyst for others!!!
Louis Phillipe fails! Economic problems:
unemployment, low wages, indifferent govt
Constitutional monarchist (Theirs) join forces
with republicans- want increased suffrage!
Feb 1848- large demonstrations in Paris lead
to riots! And Louis Phillippe abdicates!!
Create Second Republic of France with first
socialist programs
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Louis Blanc floats a plan called “National
Workshops”- guarantees jobs for all!!
2ND Republic institutes some- not all- Blanc’s
plan- bankrupts treasury in 2 years
Riots again in 1850 leads to marshal law and
leadership of General Cavaignac
Elections in 1850 lean toward moderates.
Middle class fear of loss of property and
voting rights allows for Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte to rise to power as symbol of order
stability and democracy. ( won’t last long!)
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Zollverein (customs union)- successful
Economic problems and French riots in 1848
creates sympathy toward reform
Metternich resigns and Frankfurt National
Assembly convenes to prepare a constitution.
Stood for ideals but had no power! Disputes
over unification (Big vs. Little Germany),
liberal vs democracy, proletariat vs
bourgeoisie- uprisings in cities the result.
National Assembly drafts a constitution
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Offers Fred WM IV the crown of a united
Germany- not popular with Junkers
Fred Wm declines- saying “I will not accept a
crown from the gutter”
Frankfurt Assembly then dwindles away.
Fred Wm will issue a constitution for Prussia
Parliament will have 2 chambers
Voting power biased toward Junkers vs
working class.
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Italy still not unified.
Pope Pius IX – Papal States
King Charles Albert & Cavour –Piedmont
Mazzini- leader of Young Italy
Pius IX thought to be a reformer- with CA
pushed for unification
Threats from Austria & suddenly Pius neutral
Charles Albert suspends army and abdicates
in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel II
Meanwhile……
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Mazzini and Young Italy rise up in Rome
Force Pius IX to leave
Form a Republic led by Mazzini
French troops come to the pope’s rescue and
Mazzini surrenders
Ends any unification movements in 1848 And
Italy is restored to pre-1848 rulers
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Metternich has been a powerful prime
minister
Rising nationalism by Magyars(Hungarians)
creates political instability
Louis Kossuth- promotes Magyar nationalism
Metternich tries policy of divide and conquerpits anti-Magyar against anti- German
Magyars
Uprising in Feb 1848
Liberalism, nationalism, expanding middle
class
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Hungarians(Magyars) want no Austrian
control- briefly independent under Kossuth
but invaded by Russia and Austria- remain
under Austrian control
Meanwhile, students join middle class in
revolt-Metternich resigns (goes to Britain)
Hapsburgs crush revolt in Nov 1848
Prince Schwarzenberg- prime minister
Francis Joseph succeeds Ferdinand I but
nationalism increases within Austrian
minorities. To be continued……..
 France
Successful!!! (kind of)
 Italy
Failure!!!
 Germany Failure!!!
 Austria
Failure!! ( but it did get rid
of Metternich and the Concert of Europe is
no more!!!)