U.S. History
Unit 10 Notes
World War II
Section 1
The Path to War



1930s – Dictatorships
came to power in Europe
and Asia
Western democracies
looked on uneasily
- U.S. Great Britain and
France couldn’t agree on
how to ensure their
collective security
Unrest could be traced
back to WWI peace
settlements
- Japan, Italy, and
Germany weren’t happy
Japan’s Expansion in Asia


1st to reveal its
territorial ambitions
- Depended on foreign
sources for raw
materials and markets
1921 – Gained control
of Manchuria
- Established it as an
independent state
(Manchukuo)
- Set up former
Chinese emperor Pu Yi
as a puppet ruler
Japan’s Expansion in Asia



China protested to the League of Nations
- It ordered Japan to return Manchuria to China
1933 - Japan withdrew from the League of
Nations
- Revealed that the League was powerless
- Boosted the expansionist ambitions of Italy
and Germany
Early 1930s – Japanese military wanted gain
control of the East Indies Oil reserves
- Needed it for planes and ships
Japan’s Expansion in Asia

1937 - Japan invaded
China and captured
major eastern and
southern cities
- Needed the ports to
control the Indies
- Engaged in mass
brutality in Nanjing
(killed over 200,000
civilians)
Japan’s Expansion in Asia


Nationalist
government of
Chiang Kai-shek
retreated inland
1937 – 1945 –
The Nationalist,
The Chinese
Communist, and
the Japanese
fought for control
of China
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia

Italy wanted to
gain control of
Ethiopia
- Thought an
Ethiopian colony
would enhance its
image as a world
power
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia

1934 – Italian and
Ethiopian forces clashed in
a disputed zone on the
border of Ethiopia and
Italian Somaliland
- Benito Mussolini
demanded an apology and
reparations
- Ethiopia asked the
League of Nations to
investigate the matter
- League decided neither
side was to blame
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia


October 1935 – Italy
invaded Ethiopia
- Ethiopia appealed to
the League of Nations
for help
- League imposed
economic sanctions
against Italy
- Were ineffective
because they didn’t
include oil, coal, and
iron
May 1936 – Mussolini
formally annexed
Ethiopia
Spanish Civil War


1931 – King Alfonso
abdicated the throne
New Republican
government
immediately began a
program of social
reforms
- Ended the Catholic
Church’s role in
educating Spanish
youth
- Redistributed land
from nobles to
peasants
Spanish Civil War



Many right wing
groups opposed the
republic and wanted
to restore the old
order
1936 – Right-wing
Nationalist revolted
against the
Republicans
- Led by General
Francisco Franco
Spanish Nationalist
battled the Spanish
Loyalist for 3 years
Spanish Civil War


Foreign powers
intervened in the
beginning
- Soviet Union aided
the Loyalist
- Germans and
Italians aided the
Nationalist
Volunteers from Great
Britain, France and
the U.S. went to Spain
to join the
International Brigade
and fight for the
Republican Cause
Spanish Civil War



Western governments
refused to get
involved
- Feared a general
European war
Adolph Hitler viewed
Germany’s
participation in the
war as a way to
strengthen ties with
Italy and secure a
supply of Spanish iron
ore, coal and
magnesium
Spanish Civil War


Germany used the war
to test new weapons
and military tactics
- Hermann Goering
– Head of the
Luftwaffe formed the
Condor Legion (an
all German air and
ground force)
1938 – Soviets
stopped sending aid
Spanish Civil War

March 1939 –
Nationalist
defeated the
Loyalist
- Spain had a
fascist government
- Country lay in
ruins
- Franco didn’t ally
himself with Italy
and Germany
Hitler on the Offensive

1936 - Hitler
made his move in
Germany
- Convinced that
Germany needed
more living space
for it growing
population
(lebenstraum)
Hitler on the Offensive

March 1936 – Hitler
sent troops to occupy
the Rhineland
(Violated the
Versailles Treaty)
- Gambled that
France and Great
Britain would do
nothing to stop him
- They were afraid of
starting another war
Hitler on the Offensive

October 1936 –
Hitler and Mussolini
formed the RomeBerlin Axis
- Hoped world
affairs would
revolve around
their alliance
Hitler on the Offensive

Anti-Comintern Pact
– Italy and Germany
joined Japan in an
alliance against the
Soviet Union
- Stalin urged the
west to unite against
the Axis
- West refused due to
fear of another war
and distrust of Stalin
Seizing Austria



Dreamed of joining
Austria to Germany
(Anschluss)
- “One blood demands
one Reich”
1934 - Hitler
attempted to take
over Austria
- Backed down when
Mussolini mobilized
troops
1938 – Alliance with
Italy made it possible
Seizing Austria


Bullied the Austrian
chancellor into
appointing Nazis to
key post
- Chancellor appealed
to West fro help
March 1938 – Sent
troops into Austria
- Claimed that he was
promoting political
stability by uniting the
German - speaking
peoples into one
country
Czechoslovakia


Created at the end of
WWI
- Held a key strategic
location in the region
The only democratic
nation in eastern
Europe
- Had a strong army
and alliances with
France and the USSR
Czechoslovakia

Minorities began
demanding more
freedoms
- Hitler used the
ethnic problems to
destroy the
country
Czechoslovakia


September 5, 1938 –
Hitler demanded that
the Sudetenland be
given the right of selfdetermination
- Heavily fortified
region in northwestern
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
responded by
declaring martial law
Czechoslovakia


British Prime
Minister Neville
Chamberlain
suggested a meeting
with Hitler to discuss
the matter (wanted to
avoid an international
crisis)
September 15, 1938 –
Chamberlain met with
Hitler in Germany
Czechoslovakia
- Hitler demanded that
the Sudetenland be
given to Germany
- Chamberlain
accepted Hitler’s
demands
- Thought policy of
appeasement would
maintain peace and
stabilize Europe
- Hitler then
demanded that the
Sudetenland be united
with Germany
Munich Conference


September 29, 1938 –
Chamberlain meet
with Hitler for a 3rd
time
- French Premier
Edward Daladier and
Benito Mussolini
also attended
Mussolini offered a
compromise
-
Munich Conference


Germany received the Sudetenland in exchange
for promising to respect Czechoslovakia’s
sovereignty and by promising not to take any
more European territory
- Great Britain and France accepted the term
(Hoped to avoid war)
- Czechoslovakia reluctantly accepted it
Chamberlain returned home to cheering crowds
- Proclaimed that he had ensured “peace in our
time”
- Mistakenly trusted Hitler
The tragedy of this Sudeten woman, unable to conceal her misery as she
dutifully salutes the triumphant Hitler
Munich Conference

Winston Churchill
criticized the policy of
appeasement
- Said “England has
been offered a choice
between war and
shame. She has
chosen shame – and
will get war”
Munich Conference


March 15, 1939 –
Hitler sent troops to
take control of the
western part of
Czechoslovakia
- Eastern part
became a German
puppet state
Western nations were
no longer able to
maintain their illusions
about Hitler’s plans
- Began preparing for
war
The Coming of War

March 1939 –
Hitler forced
Lithuania to give
up the Germanspeaking city of
Memel
The Coming of War

Hitler pressured
Poland by threatening
to take over the Baltic
port of Danzig and the
Polish Corridor
- France and Great
Britain promised to
help Poland defend its
borders if necessary
- Poland accepted the
west’s help and
rejected
The West and the Soviets


West had to consider the
Soviet Union when
defending Poland
- Poland’s neighbor and
traditional enemy
1930s – Stalin had urged
the west to do something
about Hitler
- Suspected the Munich
agreement was an attempt
to turn Hitler’s attention
toward
the Soviet Union
The West and the Soviets


Neville Chamberlain
believed that Stalin
was trying to extend
his influence in
Eastern Europe
- Wasn’t sure if
Communist of Fascist
were the greater
enemy
Chamberlain asked
Stalin to join Britain
and France in an
alliance to contain
Nazism
The West and the Soviets
- Stalin agreed on the
condition that the
Western powers
recognize the USSR’s
right to occupy a
stretch of land from
Finland to Bulgaria
(West refused)
- Deepened Stalin’s
suspicions that the
west wanted to see
the Soviet Union and
Germany destroy each
other
Nazi-Soviet Talks

August 23, 1939 –
Soviet-Nazi
Nonaggression Pact
- Agreed to never
attack each other and
to remain neutral if
the other became
involved in a war
- Agreed to divide
Poland
Nazi-Soviet Talks


It was an alliance of
convenience
- Stalin was buying
time to prepare for
war against Germany
- Hitler was securing
Germany’s eastern
border
The pact shocked the
west
- It destroyed the last
barrier to war
Nazi-Soviet Talks

September 1, 1939
– Germany
invaded Poland
- Hitler misjudged
the western
leaders (Didn’t
think they would
act)
- Britain and
France declared
war on Germany
Vocabulary



Adolf Hitler - He was a fascist leader
during WWII and felt that if Germany
could get rid of Jews, Gypsies, and those
who were handicap, then their problems
would be solved.
Benito Mussolini – Leader od Italy in
WWII
Joseph Stalin – He was the communist
leader of Soviet Russia during WWII, and
was part of the Allied Powers.
Section 2
War in Europe


September 1,1939 –
Germany invaded Poland
Used Blitzkrieg strategy
– Lightning war aimed at
taking the enemy by
surprise
- Luftwaffe – Bombed
targets
- Panzers swept across
the border (tank
divisions)
- Infantry followed
(1.5 million in
motorized vehicles)
War in Europe





Germany defeated Poland within a few weeks
- Great Britain and France couldn’t mobilize fast
enough to help
Soviet Union quickly moved into East Poland
Stalin forced the Baltic republics of Latvia,
Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military
bases
War broke out when the Soviets tried to force
Finland to do the same
March 1940 – Soviets defeated Finland
- Moved their frontier border 70 miles west
- Made the city of Leningrad less vulnerable to
German attack
Hitler Looks West


Western Front remained
quiet until the spring of
1940
- Germans called it
Sitzkrieg (sit-down war)
- West called it the phony
war (hoped and all out war
could still be avoided)
April 1940 - Britain mined
the waters off the coast of
Norway to prevent it form
being conquered
Hitler Looks West

Hitler used this action
to support his claim
that the Allies were
about to invade
Scandinavia
- Delivered an
ultimatum to Norway
and Denmark
demanding that they
accept protection form
the Reich (Denmark
accepted Norway
didn’t)
Invasion of Scandinavia


April 9 1940 - Germany
invaded Denmark and
Norway
- Faced little resistance in
Denmark
Conquered Norway after
defeating the British
- Hitler won the outlet to
the Atlantic he needed
- Ensured that the German
navy would not be bottle
up in the Baltic Sea like it
had been in World War I
Invasion of Scandinavia

British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain
stepped down after
the fall of Norway
- King George VI
asked Winston
Churchill to form a
new government
- Had been one the
few politicians to war
of the Nazi danger in
the 1930s
War Begins on the Western Front


French and British
forces guarded the
Maginot Line
Maginot Line had
one major flaw
- 50 mile gap in
the Ardennes
-
War Begins on the Western Front
Tank commander
Charles De Gaulle
pleaded for more
tanks and planes
- Germany had
invaded through
Belgium and the
Ardennes during WWI
- French believed the
swamps, forest, and
hill in the region wee s
sufficient
barrier
War Begins on the Western Front

May 10, 1940
Germans parachuted
into the Netherlands
before dawn
- 1st large scale
airborne attack in the
history of warfare
- Caught the Dutch by
surprise
- Defeated the
Netherlands in 5 days
War Begins on the Western Front

Britain and France moved
their best troops into
Belgium when the
Germans invaded the
Netherlands
- German panzers swept
through the Ardennes and
encircled them
- Other divisions drove
throve through
Luxembourg and headed
towards France
Dunkirk



Germans pushed the
British, French and
Belgium forces to the
English Channel
Trapped the Allied
forces in the
northwest corner of
France
- Sea evacuation of
300, 000 soldiers
seemed impossible
- Hitler ordered his
soldiers to halt
Dunkirk


May 26, 1940 – British
began a rescue
operation
- 850 vessels set sail
for Dunkirk (Used
civilians and anything
that would float)
- Evacuated the troops
under heavy fire over
a 9 day period
Evacuation saved the
British army
Fall of France


Germans continued
to seep into France
French army was
unprepared and
the government
was confused
Fall of France

June 14, 1940 –
France signed an
armistice with
Germany
- Germany occupied
all of northern France
and the Atlantic
coastline to the
Spanish border
- Nazis set up a
puppet government in
the Southern France
city of Vichy
Fall of France

Charles De
Gaulle organized
the Free French
government in
Britain
- Many people in
France joined the
French resistance
Battle of Britain


Britain was all that
stood between
Hitler and German
domination of
western Europe
Hitler thought the
British would seek
peace
- He misjudged
their determination
Battle of Britain


Germany knew
invading Britain
depended on winning
air supremacy
August 1940 –
Luftwaffe began
bombing the southern
coast
- Damaged 4 aircraft
factories and 5 RAF
airfields
- RAF shot down 75
German planes
Battle of Britain

Herman Goering
began focusing
attacks on the RAF
- August 24 to
September 6 1940
– Germany sent
over 1000 planes a
day
- Inflicted heavy
losses on the
Luftwaffe
Battle of Britain

Luftwaffe changed
tactics and began
night bombings of
London
- September 7 to
November 3 1940 –
57 consecutive night
- Killed and injured
1000s and destroyed
infrastructure
Battle of Britain



Britain refused to
surrender
Germany failed to
achieve air
supremacy
Hitler failed to
invade
Anglo –American Cooperation

U.S.A wanted to
remain neutral at
the beginning of
the war
- 1937 –
Neutrality Acts
prohibited arms
shipments, loans
and credit to
belligerent nations
Anglo –American Cooperation

President Roosevelt became convinced
that Germany’s expansion endangered
American security
- Didn’t think Britain and France could
stop Hitler without America’s help
- 1940 – Tried to rally national opinion as
he campaigned in the 1940 election
- Americans became sympathetic
towards Britain
Anglo –American Cooperation



After Dunkirk - Roosevelt gave the British 50 old
American naval destroyers in exchange for the
right to maintain bases in Newfoundland and the
British West Indies
Cash and Carry Policy - Britain traded cash for
supplies
- Used their boats to transport
- Allowed the U.S. to supply the British without
risking its neutrality
War drained Britain’s treasury
- 1940 – Britain couldn’t pay for 12,000 planes it
ordered
Anglo –American Cooperation


Lend-Lease Policy – Authorized the
President to loan war materials to any
country whose defense he deemed vital to
the national; security of the U.S.A
August 9, 1941 – Churchill and Roosevelt
met off the coast of Newfoundland and
issued a joint statement
- Atlantic Charter – Upheld the freedom
of trade, the right of people to choose
their own government and called for the
“final destruction of Nazi tyranny”
Eastern Europe and Africa


Mussolini wanted
Italy to create a
Mediterranean Empire
June 10, 1940 –
Mussolini declared war
on France
- Italians in Libya
were poised to attack
British forces guarding
Egypt and the Sudan
Eastern Europe and Africa

December 9, 1940 – Outnumbered
British forces attacked the Italians
- Won several victories over the
following weeks
Eastern Europe and Africa


Churchill halted his
advance and diverted
troops to stop a
German forces in
Southeast Europe
(Fatal mistake)
April 1941 – British
army was forced into
another Dunkirk
- Had to leave behind
their tanks and
12,000 men
Eastern Europe and Africa

Hitler sent Erwin
Rommel to
command a tank
force in Libya and
rescue the Italians
- By April 11, 1941
– Rommel had
pushed the British
out of northern
Libya except for a
small force at
Tobruk
In the Spring of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt
signed into law a bill which allowed him to sell, loan, or give
war material to countries for their defense against Axis
forces. This bill was known as the
A. Lend-Lease Act.
B. Cash and Carry Act.
C. European Recovery Program.
D. Destroyers for Bases Agreement.
Vocabulary





Winston Churchill - Prime Minister of Great Britain during
WWII.
Battle of Britain – Germany's attempt to take over Great
Britain.
Allied Powers – This was the group made up of France,
Great Britain, United States, and the Soviet Union.
Axis Powers - Alliance consisting of Germany, Japan,
Italy, and Spain during WWII.
Lend-Lease Act – Act passed by Congress in which we
agreed to loan countries in Europe money, but they didn’t
have to repay it until after the war.
Section 3
A Global Conflict



Spring 1941 –
Britain stood alone
against Nazi
Germany
Germany
controlled almost
all of Africa
General Rommel
had pushed the
British out of North
Africa
A Global Conflict


Japanese held
Manchuria and
controlled much of
China
Soviet Union and
the United States
would enter the
war by the end of
1941
Invasion of the Soviet Union

Hitler turned his
attention to the Soviet
Union after failing to
invade Britain
- Believed conquering
the Soviet Steppe
would provide
Germany with living
space vital to its
future
- Wanted wheat from
the Ukraine and oil
from the Caucasus
region
Invasion of the Soviet Union

June 22, 1941 – Hitler
launched a massive
attack on the Soviet
Union (Operation
Barbarossa)
- Took the Soviet
Union by surprise
- Germany destroyed
1000s of Soviet tanks
and ½ million
prisoners
Invasion of the Soviet Union



Stalin issued scorched-earth-policy - Soviets
destroyed everything that could be of use to the
invaders as they retreated
November 1941 – German forces reached the
outskirts of Moscow
- Controlled 40% of the population
- Had captured Kiev and begun the siege of
Leningrad
Soviets refused to surrender
- Young soldiers rallied to the cry “Behind us is
Moscow there is no room left for retreat”
Invasion of the Soviet Union

December 2, 1941 – German troops
began attack on Moscow
- Reached to within site of the city’s
center the 1st day
- As far as they ever got
- Soviets launched a counterattack
and forced the Germans to retreat
- Russian winter also helped the
Soviets
The Nazi Order






Hitler’s plan was to create an “New Order” in
Europe
The Nazis would rule Europe and exploit its
resources
They would enslave the conquered people and
force them to work for the German “Master
Race”
Undesirable elements such as the Slavs, Jews
& Gypsies would be exterminated
Nazis drove millions of people into forced labor
and concentration camps
Massacred millions more
The Holocaust

Mid 1940 – Nazi
began persecuting
Jews in the lands
they had conquered
- Forced them to
wear a yellow badge
showing the Star of
David
- Those who failed to
flee Europe were sent
to concentration labor
camps
The Holocaust

Largest number of
Jews in Nazi occupied
Europe lived in Poland
and the USSR
- Forced to move into
specially designated
areas called ghettos
- Largest was in
Warsaw
- Many died from
starvation and
diseases Beginning in
The Holocaust
1941 – Carried out a
plan aimed the
complete
extermination of all
Jews in Europe
The Holocaust

June 1941 – Invasion
of the Soviet Union
was the turning point
in the Nazi
mistreatment of Jews
- Turned from forced
emigration and
imprisonment to mass
murder
- Special units of Nazi
soldiers traveled with
the German army and
killed Jews (SS)
The Holocaust

January 1942 – Nazi
party and German
government leaders
secretly agreed to
what they called the
“the final solution”
- Code word for the
destruction of all
European Jews
- 1st time a modern
state had set out on a
campaign of genocide
The Holocaust

Began rounding up
and transporting
Jews to death
camps
- Many were killed
in gas chambers
- Others starved to
death or died from
cruel experiments
The Holocaust




6 million Jews were killed
Another 6 million people
including the Slavs and
Gypsies were also killed
Anti-Semitic feelings hurt
the Jews
- People in occupied
territories helped turn
them in
Most people in the
occupied areas did nothing
- Felt that the plight of
the Jews didn’t concern
them
Japanese Expansion


Conquered much of
China during the
1930s
Wanted to gain
control of the
European colonies
in East and
Southeast Asia
- Needed raw
materials
Japanese Expansion

Took advantage of
Hitler’s offensive to
acquire the colonies
- French Indochina
and the Dutch East
Indies were left
defenseless after he
collapse of France and
the Low Countries
- Britain left Singapore
defenseless as a result
of Germany’s attempt
to invade
Japanese Expansion



July 1940 – Japan announced its plan to
create a “new order in greater East Asia”
- Proclaimed “Asia for the Asiatics”
Moved to create the Greater East Asia
Coprosperity Sphere
- An appeal to Asians who were tired of
European rule
Japan asked France for the right to build
airfields and station troops in northern
Indochina
Japanese Expansion


United States placed an embargo on the
sale of scrap iron to Japan
September 27, 1940 – Japan signed the
Tripartite with Germany and Italy
- Affirmed the right of every nation to
“receive the space to which it is entitled
and pledged to cooperate to reach that
goal as well as to come to one another’s
aid if attacked
Pearl Harbor



July 24, 1941 – Japan invaded Southern
Indochina
President Roosevelt demanded that they
withdraw from both Indochina and China
- Placed an embargo on oil and froze all
Japanese assets in the United States
- Negotiated with the Japanese government
throughout the summers
Japan decided to go to war with the United States
- Believed that the U.S.A stood in the way of its
plans for expansion in the East
Pearl Harbor

Japanese Military
leaders knew they had
destroy the American
Pacific fleet based at
Pearl Harbor in order
to defeat the U.S.A
- Most American and
Japanese leaders
thought Pearl Harbor
was safe from attack
-
Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku
Yamamoto believed
it could be attacked by
launching planes off
aircraft carriers and
using new weapons
called torpedoes
- November 1941 –
Japanese fleet set sail
for Hawaii
Pearl Harbor

Negotiations between the two
countries broke down
- Roosevelt knew the Japanese were
ready to attack
- Convinced Japan’s move would be
in Southeast Asia
- Sent all the aircraft carriers and ½
the army’s planes from Pearl Harbor
as a precautionary move
Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941
– Japanese
attacked Pearl
Harbor
- Sank or damaged
19 American ships
- Killed more than
2,400 people and
wounded 1,100
Pearl Harbor

United States
declared war on
Japan
The Allies



December 11, 1941 – Italy and
Germany declared war on the
United States
Great Britain declared war on Japan
The West and the Soviet Union put
aside differences to defeat their
common enemy
The Allies



Stalin urged the west
to open a second
front in France
Roosevelt favored
second front
Churchill didn’t favor
a second front
- Knew Great Britain
would have to bear
the brunt of a second
front operation
The Allies

Roosevelt and
Churchill postponed
a second front and
laid out plans for
military campaigns in
North Africa and the
Mediterranean area
- Created more
distrust between
USSR and the West
Vocabulary



Concentration camps – Areas where Jews and other
prisoners were either immediately put to death or forced to
provide slave labor before finally being executed or dying of
disease.
Holocaust - Actions taken during WWII in which German
SS Troops and Nazi Troops tried to execute all Jews. This
was part of Hitler’s final solution.
Pearl Harbor – Attack on the Pacific fleet in the United
States. This was the final event that drew the United
States into WWII. This occurred December 7, 1941.
Section 4
6
2
)
The poster is an attempt to
encourage women to
A) demand their right to vote.
B) enlist in the U.S. armed forces.
C)
participate in the anti-war
movement.
D)
get involved in the effort to win
World War II.
Preparing for war


1940 - Selective Service
Act allowed the Gov. to
start drafting men for the
armed Forces
- 1st peace time draft
FDR decided to run for 3rd
term ( 1st time anyone
served more than 2 terms)
- Americans agreed that
U.S. needed experienced
leader with the world in
crises
The Home Front


December 7, 1941- rumors spread
that Japanese planes had been seen
over San Francisco
- Mayor sent troops to protect
bridges, tunnels, and factories
Next day 1000's of men signed up
for the army
The Wartime Boom




Armed forces were
enlarged
Women went to work in
the factories
- Over 50,000 women
joined the army
A popular song of the day
was called Rosie the
Riveter.
This described a woman
who worked in the factory
as a riveter while her
boyfriend served in the
marines.
The Wartime Boom


Army needed supplies which created
jobs
War Production Board directed
private industry to produce war
materials
- U.S. produced more than anyone
else
New Opportunities


1000's of African
Americans moved
north to work in
the factories
Were discriminated
against at 1st
New Opportunities




Phillip Randolph threatened
to lead a protest in
Washington D.C.
- FDR issued an
Executive Order 8802 - it
outlawed job discrimination in
industries that had
government contracts
Roosevelt supported the Fair
Employment Act, which
prohibited discrimination in
the national defense industry.
This convinced Randolph and
his colleagues to cancel their
march.
Diversity in the Military




Nearly 1 million
African Americans
served in the armed
forces
Accepted into the
Marines and Air Corps
for the 1st time
- Faced discrimination
1945 - War
department integrated
some units
Diversity in the Military

300,000 Mexican
Americans served
in the army
- Faced
discrimination
Japanese Americans



Most lived in California,
Oregon, and Washington
Feb 1942 - FDR signed order
that called for Japanese
Americans to be moved away
from coast
Roosevelt ordered more than
100,000 Japanese American’s
from their homes and
businesses during the war,
and placed them in various
internment camps.
Japanese Americans

Were moved to
internment
camps
- Forced to sell
their homes and
possessions (lost
money)
- 2/3 were Nisei Japanese
Americans born in
the United States
Internment of Japanese,
German and Italian Americans


This was meant to keep potentially
threatening citizens in an isolated
location to keep a close eye.
German and Italian immigrants faced
the same treatment, but not to the
extent of Japanese Americans.
Response to Internment Camps


In 1944 the Supreme Court ruled that the
internment camps was lawful and justified
due to “the military urgency of the
situation”.
In 1983, the United States government
formally recognized the injustice that had
been done and authorized payments of
$20,000 each to all living Japanese
Americans who had suffered under this
policy.
Shortages at Home




Most resources went to
armed forces
No autos were made
between 1942 and 1945
Gas was in short supply
Government set up a
system of rationing
- Everyone got a book of
stamps
- Had to give up stamps
when you purchased items
such as gas, meats, shoes,
and sugar
The War Time Economy




Jobs gave people
money to buy goods
they couldn't afford in
the depression
Wasn't anything to
buy due to shortages
Caused inflation
Government started
Office of Price
Administration to
control prices
The War Time Economy



Gov. raised income tax to pay
for the war
The number of people
required to pay income taxes
greatly increased during the
war years.
To help improve this the
government implemented the
idea of “withholding income
tax”, or asking employers to
withhold taxes. (payroll
deduction)
- Easier to pay than lump
sum at the end year
- Also sold war bonds
A. Philip Randolph's proposed "March on Washington" in
1941 was going to protest racially discriminatory hiring
practices in the defense industry, but was called off after
President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued the
A)
New Deal.
B)
Desegregation Act.
C)
Fair Employment Act.
D)
"Four Freedoms" speech.
During World War II, a widely adopted means of solving
labor shortage problems in U.S. industry was to
A)
employ women.
B)
use forced labor.
C)
enact welfare reform.
D)
raise the immigration quotas.
EOCT REVIEW

SSUSH19: The student will identify the
origins, major developments, and the
domestic impact of World War II, especially
the growth of the federal government.

Explain A. Philip Randolph’s proposed March
on Washington, D.C., and President Franklin
D. Roosevelt’s response.
1. Who was A Philip Randolph? What did his March
on Washington seek to do?
2. How did FDR respond?

EOCT REVIEW
Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor and the internment of JapaneseAmericans, German-Americans, and ItalianAmericans.
3. How did Americans treat Japanese-Americans
after Pearl Harbor
4. How were German-Americans and ItalianAmericans treated?

EOCT REVIEW
Describe war mobilization, as indicated by
rationing, war-time conversion, and the role
of women in war industries.
9. What is War Mobilization?
10. What is Rationing?
11. What is war-time conversion?
12. What was the role of women during the war?

Vocabulary




War Production Board (WPB) – This board re-directed
raw materials and resources from the production of civilian
consumer goods, to the production of materials needed for
war.
A. Philip Randolph – Civil Rights leader that planned a
march on Washington D.C. until Roosevelt passed the Fair
Employment Act.
Fair Employment Act – Act passed by Congress allowing
equal access in the military for all races.
Internment camps – These were used to house Japanese
immigrants during WWII after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
In the late 1930s and during World War II, millions of
American men were drafted into military service. This meant that there
were millions of jobs - many of them industrial and agricultural - that
were left vacant and in need of being filled.
How did MOST American businesses attempt to deal with the labor
shortages that potentially affected their businesses?
A. They hired increased numbers of
women and African Americans.
B. They decided to declare bankruptcy
and receive government funds.
C. They lowered the pay of other
workers and increased their hours.
D. They hired increased numbers of
child workers and Asian Americans.
Section 5
Sea and Air Battles


German U-Boats
threatened Great Britain’s
supply lines
- U.S. had been shipping
supplies under the LendLease Plan before it
entered the
May 1941 – New German
battleship Bismarck
entered the war along with
a new cruiser Prinz Eugen
- British hastily dispatched
several ship to intercept
the Nazis
Sea and Air Battles

May 23, 1941 –
British ships met
the German ships
in the Denmark
Strait between Ice
land and Greenland
Sea and Air Battles

Bismarck sank the British
cruiser Hood and damaged
another ship in the battle
- May 26, 1941 – British
patrol plane spotted the
Bismarck about 600 miles
off the French Coast
- Bismarck was finally
sank by the British navy
after sustaining at least 8
torpedo hits
- Battle ended the German
effort to win control of the
Atlantic with surface Ships
Sea and Air Battles

Allies carried out an
air offensive against
Germany
- Directed at factories,
railroads, dockyards,
cities, and towns
- Aimed to destroy
the German war
industries and weaken
the will of the civilian
population to continue
the war
Battle of Stalingrad


July 1942 – Germany
had the Soviets in full
retreat
Stalin Pressed the
Allies for a second
front
- August 1942 –
Churchill told Stalin
there would be no
second front in 1942
Battle of Stalingrad

August 2, 1942 –
Germans attacked
Stalingrad
- Tried to destroy
Soviet morale
- Stalin ordered
the city held at all
cost
Battle of Stalingrad


September 1942 –
Soviets launched a
counter attack and
encircled the
Germans
- Cutoff German
supply lines
Hitler refused to
retreat although
winter and Soviets
were closing in
Battle of Stalingrad

February 1943 –
Germany finally
surrendered
- Germany lost its
best troops
- 100,000 were killed
and 80,000 captured
- Soviets seized large
quantities of military
equipment
Battle of Stalingrad

Stalingrad
considered the
turning point of
the war in
Europe
- Broke the back of
the German
military machine
War in the Desert



January 1942 – Allied
forces struggled to regain
land lost to Germany
Erwin Rommel applied
blitzkrieg tactic s to desert
warfare (The Desert Fox)
Spring 1942 – Rommel had
pushed the British 2/3 of
then way back to the
Egyptian Frontier
War in the Desert


July 1942 – British
General Bernard
Montgomery stopped
Rommel at El Alamein
October 1942 –
Montgomery launched
a counter attack and
forced the Germans
back across the
Egyptian- Libyan
frontier
War in the Desert


January 1943 – British
captured the capital of
Libya (Tripoli)
Allied force began
trying to trap Rommel
moving east to west
(pincer strategy)
- Montgomery moved
west
- Allied troops landed
in Morocco and Algeria
and moved east
War in the Desert

Allied forces were met with
heavy resistance from the
Vichey French who
governed North Africa
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
struck a deal with a Vichy
official Admiral Francois
Darlan to end the fighting
- Darlan ordered an end to
resistance in exchange for
allied support of his claim
to French North Africa- -
War in the Desert

November 1942 –
Free French under
Charles de Gaulle
joined Allies in
North Africa
War in the Desert


Allies began closing the pincers on
Rommel
- He flew to Berlin and told Hitler
there was no hope
- Hitler barred Rommel from
returning to Africa
May 1943 – German forces
surrendered in Tunisia
- Allies controlled all of North Africa
Pacific War



Japan took over most
of Southeast Asia and
the Pacific
- Welcomed as
liberator
- Local began hating
them after they killed
civilians and seized
property
Allies couldn’t stop
Japanese advances
Expected the
Japanese to invade
Australia
Bataan Death March



January 1942 –
Japanese captured
Manila
General Douglass
MacArthur led a
retreat of 12000
American and 65,000
Filipino troops
February 1942 –
President Roosevelt
ordered Macarthur to
Australia to take
command of the Allies
in the Pacific (“I shall
return”)
Bataan Death March

May 1942 – Japanese
forced the Allies to
surrender on the
Bataan Peninsula in
the Philippines
- Soldiers were forced
to march 60 miles to a
prison camp
-Thousands collapsed
of starvation along the
way
- Many were shot,
beaten, or bayoneted
to death
Battle of the Coral Sea


1st time two enemy
ships fought a battle
without coming within
sight of each other
- Warplanes launched
form the carriers
fought the battle
May 1942 – Allies
were finally able to
stop the Japanese
advances
Battle of Midway




June 1942 - Allies defeated
the Japanese
Sank four Japanese
carriers
- Crippled Japan’s navy
- Ended Japanese naval
superiority in the Pacific
Japan lost its best pilots
Turning point of the war
in the Pacific
Guadalcanal

August 1942 –
Allies began
attacking
Guadalcanal
- General Douglass
MacArthur led
ground forces
- Admiral Chester
Nimitz led the sea
attack
Guadalcanal


Allied victory at
Guadalcanal was the
beginning of a series
of battles
- Allies islandhopped their way
north to Japan (only
attacked Islands that
weren’t heavily
defended
- Cutoff supply lines
to islands they
bypassed
Allied forces paused to
build up their Pacific
forces after
Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal


November 1943 –
Japanese began using
Kamikaze pilot
- Far from ready to
surrender
Summer 1944 – Allies
captured the Mariana
Islands
- Within striking
distance of Japan
- Began building
airfields from which
B29 bombers could
attack Japan
Vocabulary



Bataan Death March – Event where more than
75,000 American and Filipino troops were
captured and forced to march sixty miles, during
which many died.
Battle of Midway – This was known as the
turning point during the war in the Pacific.
Island hopping – This was a series of small
battle in hopes of pushing Japan back to their
mainland.
Section 6
Allied Victories



Democracies geared
their economies for
war production
- Rationed goods, and
regulated prices and
wages
Wartime emergency
limited citizens rights
War ended
unemployment
- Women worked in
factories while men
joined the military
Invasion of Italy


Early 1943 – British
and American leaders
decided to invade
Sicily
July 1943 – General
Eisenhower led a
combined air and sea
attack
- Forced the Germans
to retreat into Italy
Invasion of Italy


Sicily invasion caused the
downfall of Mussolini
- July 25, 1943 -King
Victor Emmanuel fired
him and had him arrested
New Italian Prime Minister
dissolved the Fascist Party
- September 3, 1943 –
He signed a secret act
surrender
- Caught the Germans by
surprise
- Allied forces landed on in
Italy on the day of the
treaty
Invasion of Italy

Germans recovered
and to occupy Rome
- Forced the king and
Prime Minister to
withdraw to the south
- Rescued Mussolini
and put him in control
of Northern Italy
Invasion of Italy


Allied Forces fought
their way up the
Italian Peninsula
- Took the Allies 5
months to penetrate
the Axis defenses at
Monte Cassino
- 6th century
monastery located on
a mountain top
June 4, 1944 – Allied
forces entered Rome
D-Day

1943 – Allied
leader meet in
Tehran Iran
- Churchill and
Roosevelt told
Stalin about their
plan to open a 2nd
front the following
spring
D-Day

Operation
Overlord – Allied
Invasion of France
- General
Eisenhower
assembled a force
of 176,000
soldiers, 600
warships and
10,000 aircraft in
England
D-Day

June 6, 1944 – Allied
Forces land Normandy,
France
(D-Day)
- British bombers bombed
German coastal defenses
- Allied airborne troops
parachuted into France
- Allied soldiers fought
their way onto the beaches
D-Day



August 1944 –
American tank
commander General
George Patton leads
forces across Northern
France
French resistance
fighters rose up
against the Germans
German forced to
retreat
D-Day

August 25, 1944 –
Free French forces
led the Allied
troops into Paris
Victory over Germany


Summer 1944 – Soviets
had pushed the Germans
back into Eastern Europe
Hitler thought a surprise
offensive in the west would
reverse the Allied advance
(Battle of the Bulge)
- December 1944 –
German troops cut through
the center of the Allied
forces
• - Created a bulge in the
line
- Allies finally defeated the
Germans at Bastogne,
Belgium
Victory over Germany

March 1945 –
Allied forces
crossed the Rhine
River in the west
- Germany’s
historic defense
barrier
Victory over Germany


Soviets fought
their way into
Berlin in the east
- Inflicted savage
revenge on the
German population
April 1945 –
American and
Soviet troops met
on the Elbe River
Victory over Germany

May 7, 1945 –
German
surrendered
unconditionally
- Celebrated as VE Day western
Democracies
- May 9 celebrated
as V-E Day in the
Soviet Union
Victory over Germany

End came for the
Fascists dictators
- Italian partisans
shot Mussolini
- Hitler committed
suicide in an under
ground bunker
Yalta Conference


February 1945 Stalin, Churchill,
and Roosevelt
met at the Black
Sea resort
Proposed that
France and China
join their countries
in forming the
United Nations
Yalta Conference



Agreed to Divide Germany as well as
Berlin into 4 zones
Stalin promised to hold free elections
in Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe
Stalin promised to declare war on
Japan
- Received the Kuril Islands and
the southern part of Sakhalin Island
in exchange
Potsdam Conference



August 1945- Allied
leaders met in Germany
Harry S. Truman became
President after F.D.R died
in April.
Clement Attlee replaced
Churchill midway through
the conference
- Labour Party defeated
the Conservative Party
in the general election
Potsdam Conference



Made plans for the
occupation of
Germany
Issued an
ultimatum to Japan
for unconditional
surrender
Tensions between
the Allied begin to
pull the wartime
alliance apart
Victory over Japan



Seemed inevitable
by the end of 1944
American planes
bombed Japanese
cities
General Douglass
MacArthur
reclaimed the
Philippines
Victory over Japan



Americans won two
bloody battles on
the islands of Iwo
Jima and
Okinawa
British forces
Destroyed the
Japanese forces in
Southeast Asia
Japan’s military
leaders refused to
surrender
Victory over Japan

President
Truman decided
to use an new
secret weapon
(Atomic Bomb)
-
Victory over Japan
Had been developed
under the code name
“Manhattan
Project”
- Said it would end the
war quickly and avoid
the loss of lives that
would have resulted
from an American
invasion
(Estimated
1 million)
- May have also used
the bomb to impress
the Soviets
Victory over Japan


August 6, 1945 –
Dropped 1st atomic
bomb on
Hiroshima
- Heard no
response
August 9, 1945 –
Dropped a 2nd
bomb on
Nagasaki
Victory over Japan


Two bombs killed
200,000 people
- Many more would
die from radiation
exposure
August 14, 1945 Japan
unconditionally
surrendered
Victory over Japan

September 2, 1945
– Proclaimed V-J
Day
- Japanese officials
signed the official
surrender onboard
the American
battleship Missouri
in Tokyo Bay
- Ended WWII
Effects of the War


Over 70 million people fought in the
war
55 million people died as a result of
the war
- Soviet Union lost 22 million
- Germany lost 8 million
- Japan lost 2 million
- U.S.A lost 300,000
· Fought in February and March,
1945
· Involved roughly 110,000 U.S.
and 18,000 Japanese forces
· Some of the fiercest fighting in
all of World War II
· U.S. forces eventually took
Japanese airbases on this Island
All of these are describing the
World War II battle of
A. Midway.
B. Iwo Jima.
C. Leyte Gulf.
D. Guadalcanal.


·
Fought in February and March, 1945
· Involved roughly 110,000 U.S. and 18,000 Japanese
forces
· Some of the fiercest fighting in all of World War II
· U.S. forces eventually took Japanese airbases on this
Island
All of these are describing the World War II battle of
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of
operations
Effects of the War



Allied Powers began to
address the wrongs
committed by the Axis
Powers
Nuremburg Trials –
Brought Nazi leaders to
justice for crimes they had
committed during the war
- Upheld the idea that
people are responsible for
their actions even during
wartime
Trials were also held in
Italy and Japan
Effects of the War

New weapons made WWII the most
destructive war in history
- Many people were left homeless
- Food, medicine, and clothing were
in short supply
The "Manhattan Project" was the code name for
the
A. U.S. plan to invade Japan.
B. German use of jet aircraft.
C. Allied plan to invade Europe.
D. U.S. plans to make an atomic
bomb.
Military and political leaders in the United States during
World War II publicly justified the use of atomic weapons
on Japan because they argued that
A. Japan had first attacked the United
States at Pearl Harbor four years
earlier.
B. the sites chosen for bombing were
military bases, absent of civilian
population.
C. it would save perhaps a million lives
that would be lost in an amphibious
assault on Japan.
D. the Japanese already had an atomic
bomb and were preparing to deploy it
against the United States.
EOCT REVIEW
Explain major events; include the lend-lease
program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and
the fall of Berlin.
5. What was the Lend-Lease program?
6. Why was the Battle of Midway important?
7. What was D-Day?
8. What was the significance of the Battle of Berlin

EOCT REVIEW
Describe Los Alamos and the
scientific, economic, and military
implications of developing the
atomic bomb.
13. What was atomic bomb?
14. How did it affect the US in
scientific, economic, and military
sectors?

Vocabulary





General Dwight D. Eisenhower – He was appointed
supreme commander of allied forces during WWII.
D-Day – June 6, 1944 when the largest invasion by sea
was launched. The nickname given the plan for this was
Operation Overlord.
Los Alamos, New Mexico – Place where the atomic
bomb was tested
Atomic bomb - New weapon technology used to end the
war in the Pacific that caused mass destruction and high
civilian casualties.
Harry S. Truman – Became President of the United States
after FDR’s death. This man would oversee the ending of
WWII, and major military programs.