DNA Technology
Mutations and DNA Technology
Biology 3.3.3
Understand the application of DNA technology.
• There is always a
chance for a
mistake during
DNA replication.
• There are 3 possible
mutations:
• Point
• Frameshift
• Chromosomal
Mutation
Point Mutation
• One nitrogen base is
switched or incorrect.
• Changes 1 amino acid.
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.
• THE DOG BIT THE CAR.
Ex. Sickle cell anemia
• A single nitrogen base
• Example:
is added or deleted.
• This disrupts all
following codons!
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.
• THE DOG BII TTH ECA T.
Frameshift Mutation
• When an entire
chromosome is missing or
there is an extra
chromosome.
• Occurs during Meiosis.
• Called Non-Disjunction.
• In most cases, causes death
or sterility.
Chromosomal Mutation
Causes of DNA Mutations
• Under most circumstances, DNA molecules are very
stable. They survive in the nucleus of a cell without
undergoing change, and they reproduce themselves
during cell division without being damaged. But
accidents do occur.
•
• For example, an X ray passing through a DNA
molecule might break the chemical bond that holds
two nucleotides together. The DNA molecule is
destroyed and is no longer able to carry out its
function.
•
causes a mutation.
• caffeine (found in coffee and
colas),
• LSD (lysergic acid
diethylamide; a hallucinogenic
drug),
• benzo(a)pyrene (found in
cigarette and coal smoke),
• nitrous oxide (laughing gas),
• ozone (a major pollutant when in
the lower atmosphere).
• X-rays
• is a method for
separation and
analysis of
macromolecules
(DNA, RNA and
proteins) and their
fragments, based on
their size and charge.
DNA Fingerprinting
• an organism which
has been modified
with genetic material
from another
speciesby inserting
DNA into an embryo
with the assistance of
a virus, a plasmid, or
a gene gun.
Transgenic Organism
• Goal is to reduce the
threats on an organism.
• DNA in one organism is
expressed in another
organism
Reason Transgenic
Organism
Genetically Modified
Organism
• Organism genetic
material has been altered
to benefit the organism
GMO
Genetically Modified Food
• Food that has been altered
to reduce pest, pesticides,
carbon emission, or “dry
crop”
Top GMF
Human
Genome
Project
Gives the complete blue
print of EACH GENETIC CODE
PRO
• Can map
out your
entire
genetic up
for
diseases or
risk
factors
CON
• Can cause
liability
for
insurance
companies
–No
insurance
STEM CELLS occur during
FERTILIZATION
• derived from the inner
cell mass of a blastocyst,
an early-stage embryo.[1]
Human embryos reach
the blastocyst stage 4–5
days post fertilization, at
which time they consist
of 50–150 cells
Stem Cell
REPAIR ERROR in the Human
GENOME
Cystic Fibrosis
Fragile X syndrome
STEM CELLS –GENETIC
DISEASE