Chapter 26 The Futile Search for Stability:
Europe between the Wars, 1919 - 1939
Name _______________________________________Date______Period________Score_____
Focus Questions
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Impact of World War I and the problems faced by European countries in the 1920’s
The responses of France, Great Britain, and the United States to the Great Depression
and other crises
World War I’s effect on Europe’s colonies in Asia and Africa
The retreat from democracy and the characteristics of totalitarian states: Fascist
Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia
What role did the mass culture and mass leisure play in totalitarian states
What were the main cultural and intellectual trends in the interwar years
Why the 1920’s has been called both an age of anxiety, and a period of hope
Lecture Outline
I.
II.
An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
A.
Impact of World War I
1.
The numbers: casualties and mourning
2.
The lost generation
B.
Weaknesses of the League of Nations
C.
The French Policy of Coercion (1919-1924)
1.
Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles
2.
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921, $33 billion
3.
Paid in annual installments of billion gold marks
4.
Germany unable to pay in 1922
5.
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
6.
German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923
D.
The Hopeful Years (1924-1929)
1.
Dawes Plan, 1924
2.
Treaty of Locarno, 1925
3.
Coexistence with Soviet Union
The Great Depression
A.
Problems in domestic economies
B.
International financial crisis
C.
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
1
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
D.
Unemployment
E.
Social Repercussions
F.
Powerlessness of Governments
The Democratic States
A.
Great Britain
1.
Labour Party failed to solve problems
2.
Coalition claimed credit for prosperity
3.
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
a.
Keynes says the government should create jobs
B.
France
1.
Was the strongest power in Europe
2.
Could not solve financial problems
3.
Popular Front
C.
Scandinavian States
1.
Social Democrats
D.
The United States
1.
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)
2.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)
a.
New Deal
b.
Public works projects
c.
World War II ends the depression
European States and the World: Colonial Empires
A.
Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa
B.
The Middle East
1.
Division of Ottoman Empire
2.
Turkey
a.
Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)
C.
India
1.
Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) and Civil Disobedience
D.
Africa
1.
Britain and France awarded German colonies
2.
Protest movements
Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
A.
Totalitarianism
1.
By 1939 only France and Great Britain are democracies
2.
The modern totalitarian state
a.
Causes
b.
Active commitment of citizens
c.
Mass propaganda techniques
d.
High speed communication
e.
Led by single leader and single party
Fascist Italy
A.
Impact of World War I
1.
Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I
B.
Birth of Fascism
1.
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
2.
Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919
3.
Growth of the socialist
2
VII.
VIII.
IX.
4.
Squadristi, armed Fascists
5.
Fascist movement gains support from industrialists
6.
March on Rome, 1922
7.
Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922
Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State
A.
Fascist Government
B.
All parties outlawed, 1926-Fascist dictatorship established
C.
Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state
D.
Young Fascists
E.
Family is the pillar of the state
F.
Never achieves the degree of totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union
G.
Lateran Accords, February 1929
Hitler and Nazi Germany
A.
Weimar Germany
1.
No leaders
2.
Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925
3.
Great Depression
B.
The Emergence of Adolf Hitler
1.
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
2.
Vienna
a.
Lanz von Liebenfels
3.
Munich
C.
The Rise of the Nazis
1.
German Workers’ Party
2.
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921
3.
Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops
D.
The Nazi Seizure of Power
1.
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November, 1923
2.
Hitler imprisoned
a.
Mein Kampf, (My Struggle)
b.
Lebensraum (living space)
3.
Reorganization of the party
4.
New Strategies
5.
Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election
6.
Support from right-wing elites
7.
Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
8.
Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933
9.
Successes in 1933 election
10.
Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi control
11.
President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934
The Nazi State (1933-1939)
A.
Parliamentary republic dismantled
B.
Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship
C.
Constant rivalry gives Hitler power
D.
Economics and the drop in unemployment
3
E.
F.
G.
X.
XI.
XII.
Heinrich Himmler and the SS
Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Madel (League of German
Maidens)
H.
Influence of Nazi ideas on working women
I.
Aryan Racial State
1.
Nuremberg laws, September 1935
2.
Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938
3.
Restrictions on Jews
The Soviet Union
A.
New Economic Policy
1.
Modified capitalism
B.
Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922
1.
Revived economy
C.
Lenin suffers strokes, (1922-1924)
D.
Division
1.
Leon Trotsky
2
Joseph Stalin
a.
General Party Secretary
The Stalinist Era (1929-1939)
A.
First Five Year Plan, 1928
1.
Emphasis on industry
2.
Real wages declined
3.
Use of propaganda
B.
Rapid collectivization of agriculture
1.
Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died
C.
Political Control
1.
Stalin’s dictatorship established, 1929
2.
Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested
D.
Role of Women
1.
Reversed liberal social legislation
E.
Positive Attributes
1.
Education
Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
A.
Conservative Authoritarian Governments
B.
Eastern Europe
1.
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systems
2.
Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutions
3.
Greece became a republic
4.
Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats
C.
Problems
1.
Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary form
2.
Rural and agrarian society
3.
Ethnic conflicts
4
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
A.
Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula
A.
General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of Parliamentary Government (1923)
B.
The Spanish Civil War
1.
The Popular Front
2.
General Francisco Franco (1892-1975)
3.
Foreign intervention
4.
Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939)
C.
The Franco Regime
1.
Traditional, conservative, dictatorship
D.
Portugal
1.
Antonio Salazar (1889-1970)
Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure
A.
The Roaring Twenties
B.
Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe
C.
Josephine Baker (1906-1975)
D.
Jazz Age
Radio and Movies: Mass forms of Communication & Entertainment
A.
Radio
1.
Nellie Melba, June 16, 1920
2.
BBC, 1926
B.
Movies
1.
Quo Vadis; Birth of a Nation
C.
Stars became subjects of adoration
1.
Marlene Dietrich
D.
Used for political purposes
1.
Nazis encourage cheap radios
2.
Triumph of the Will, 1934
Mass Leisure
A.
Sports
B.
Tourism
C.
Organized Mass Leisure in Talay and Germany
1.
Dopolavoro in Italy
2.
Kraft durch Freude in Germany
Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years
Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable
B.
Political, economic, and social insecurities
C.
Radical changes in women’s styles
D.
Theodor van de Velde
1.
Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique
E.
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music
1.
Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd
2.
German Expressionism
a.
George Grosz (1893-1958)
b.
Otto Dix (1891-1959)
3.
Dadaism
a.
Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)
4.
Surrealism
a.
Salvador Dali (1904-1989)
5
F.
XVIII.
Functionalism in Modern Architecture
1.
Bauhaus School in Germany
G.
A Popular Audience
1.
Kurt Weill, The Three penny Opera
H.
Art in Totalitarian Regimes
1.
Art in service of the state
I.
A New Style of Music
1.
Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951)
Literature & Physics Between the Wars
A.
The Search for the Unconscious
1.
James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses
2.
Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)
3.
Impact of Freud
4.
Carl Jung (1856-1961)
B.
The “Heroic Age of Physics”
1.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), atom could be split
2.
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), “uncertainty principle”
James 5:16-The fervent prayer of a righteous person is very powerful
6
CHAPTER 26 SUMMARY
Ten million deaths, a lost generation, disillusionment and despair were among the fruits of World War I.
Some of the survivors turned to pacifism, others were attracted to radical national ideologies such as fascism in
Italy and Nazism in Germany. The treaties ending World War I did not assure peace as the League of Nations had
little power. France, fearing Germany, formed the Little Entente with the militarily weak states of Eastern Europe.
Occupying the Ruhr when Germany failed to pay reparations, France gained little other than a disastrous fall in the
German mark. By 1924, the Dawes Plan established a realistic reparations schedule. The Treat of Locarno made
permanent Germany’s western borders, but not the east. Germany joined the League, and in 1928, sixty-three
nations signed the Kellogg-Briand pact, renouncing war, but it lacked any enforcement provisions.
European prosperity, largely the result of American loans and investments, ended with the Great
Depression. The economist John Maynard Keynes favored increased government spending and deficit financing
rather than deflation and balance budgets, but had little support. Britain’s unemployment remained at 10 percent
during the 1920s and rose rapidly in the depression. France was governed, or ungoverned, by frequent coalition
governments; its far-right was attracted to fascism and many on the left by Soviet Marxism. The United States’
New Deal was more successful in providing relief than in recovery, and unemployment remained high until World
War II. Among most of the nations of Europe there was a retreat from democracy, which seemed to have failed,
both politically and economically.
Totalitarian governments, which required the active commitment of their citizens, came to power in
Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union. Italian fascism resulted from Italy’s losses in the Great War, economic failure,
and incompetent politicians. In 1919, Benito Mussolini organized the Fascio di Combattimento. Threating “to
march on Rome,” he was chosen prime minister in 1922. Legal due process was abandoned and rival parties were
outlawed, but totalitarianism in Italy was never as effective as in Nazi Germany or Soviet Russia.
In Germany, the depression brought the political extremes to the forefront. Adolph Hitler headed the
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis). A powerful orator, Hitler published his beliefs in Main Kampf
and created a private army of storm troopers (SA), but it was not until the depression that the Nazis received wide
support. Hitler became chancellor in 1933, and a compliant Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, giving him
dictatorial power. In his quest to dominate Europe, Hitler rearmed Germany, abolished labor unions, and created
a new terrorist police force, the SS. The Nuremberg laws excluded Jews from citizenship, and in the 1938
Kristallnacht, Jewish businesses and synagogues were burned and Jews beaten and killed.
After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin assumed leadership in the Soviet Union. In 1928, he announced
his first five-year plan to turn the Soviet Union into an industrial society by emphasizing oil and coal production
and steel manufacturing. Giant collective farms were created, and in the process 10 million lives were lost. Stalin’s
opponents were sent to Siberia, sentenced to labor camps, or liquidated. With the exception of Czechoslovakia,
authoritarian governments appeared in Eastern Europe as well as in Portugal and Spain. In the Spanish Civil War,
the fascist states aided Francisco Franco and the Soviet Union backed the Popular Front.
Radio and movies become widely popular, as did professional sports. Automobiles and trains made travel
accessible to all. Issues of sexuality became more public and psychology became more popular. In art, German
Expressionism reflected the horrors of war and the corruptions of peace, Dada focused upon the absurd, and
Surrealism upon the unconscious. The unconscious “stream of consciousness” technique was used in the novels of
James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. The Bauhaus movement emphasized the functional in architecture. It was also
the “the heroic age of physics.” The discovery of subatomic particles indicated that splitting the atom could
release massive energies, and Werner Heisenberg’s “uncertainty principle” had implications far beyond the study
of physics.
7
_________________________________
1919
1923
1927
_ _Mussolini & Fascists come
to power in Italy
1931
1935
__Stalin gains control of Russia
1939
__Popular Front in France
___Hitler and Nazis come to power in Germany
___Locarno Pact
___________________
Spanish Civil War
___Beginning of the Great Depression
________
Mass production of radios begins
__Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife
___Kristallnacht
__Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
___Dali, The Persistence of Memory
Time Line Chapter 26
8
9
ESSAY
1.
Other than the Great War having ended, about what was there to be hopeful as the 1920s
dawned?
ANS:
2.
What were the causes of the Great Depression? How did the European states respond to the
Great Depression?
ANS:
3.
How did America copy with the Depression? Why was the depression in the United States
so long-lasting and what finally ended unemployment?
ANS:
4.
What are the chief characteristics of totalitarianism? To what extent was Fascist Italy a
totalitarian state?
ANS:
5.
Using Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia as the models, what were the philosophic and practical
differences between communism and fascism?
ANS:
6.
What were Hitler’s core ideas or assumptions? What were the methods used to implement
them once he and the Nazis had established the Nazi state in Germany?
ANS:
7.
Why does the author state that the Stalinist era inaugurated an “economic, social, and
political revolution that was more sweeping in its results than the revolutions of 1917”?
ANS:
10
8.
How were the totalitarian revolutions in the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany similar? How
were they different?
ANS:
9.
What impact did the growth of mass culture and mass leisure have upon European society in
the1920s and 1930s?
ANS:
10.
How do the cultural and intellectual trends of the 1920s and 1930s reflect a crisis of confidence
in Western Civilization?
ANS:
11.
Did anything good immediately result from the Great Depression?
ANS:
IDENTIFICATIONS
1.
the Unknown Soldier(s)
ANS:
2.
League of Nations
ANS:
3.
Little Entente
ANS:
11
4.
Dawes Plan
ANS:
5.
Treaty of Locarno
ANS:
6.
Kellogg-Briand pact
ANS:
7.
Great Depression
ANS:
8.
John Maynard Keynes
ANS:
9.
The Popular Front
ANS:
10.
the New Deal
ANS:
11.
Ataturk and Mohandas Gandhi
ANS:
12
12.
totalitarianism
ANS:
13.
Benito Mussolini
ANS:
14.
Fascio di Combattimento
ANS:
15.
squadristi
ANS:
16.
the blackshirts
ANS:
17.
“Woman into the home”
ANS:
18.
Weimar Republic
ANS:
19.
Adolph Hitler
ANS:
13
20.
Mein Kampf
ANS:
21.
Nazis
ANS:
22.
Lebensraum
ANS:
23.
Fuhrerprinzip
ANS:
24.
the Enabling Act
ANS:
25.
“Germany Awake”
ANS:
26.
Aryanism
ANS:
27.
Hitler Jugend
ANS:
14
28.
Nuremberg laws
ANS:
29.
Kristallnacht
ANS:
30.
“war communism”
ANS:
31.
New Economic Policy
ANS:
32.
Joseph Stalin
ANS:
33.
five-year plans
ANS:
34.
Stakhanov cult
ANS:
35.
collective farms
ANS:
15
36.
Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War
ANS:
37.
“wireless” and the BBC
ANS:
38.
Birth of a Nation and The Blue Angel
ANS:
39.
Dopolavoro and Kraft durch Freude
ANS:
40.
Oswald Spengler’s The Decline of the West
ANS:
41.
Marie Stopes’ Married Love
ANS:
42.
German Expressionism
ANS:
43.
George Grosz and Otto Dix
ANS:
16
44.
Dadaism
ANS:
45.
Hannah Hoch and Tristan Tzara
ANS:
46.
Surrealism
ANS:
47.
Salvador Dali’s The Persistence of Memory
ANS:
48.
Louis H. Sullivan and the Chicago School
ANS:
49.
Frank Lloyd Wright
ANS:
50.
Bauhaus School and Walter Gropius
ANS:
51.
Kurt Weill’s The Threepenny Opera
ANS:
17
52.
“degenerate art”
ANS:
53.
“socialist realism”
ANS:
54.
Arnold Schoenberg and atonal music
ANS:
55.
“stream of consciousness
ANS:
56.
James Joyce’s Ulysses and Virginia Woolf”s Mrs. Dalloway
ANS:
57.
Hermann Hesse’s Steppenwolf
ANS:
58.
Carl Jung
ANS:
59.
Ernest Rutherford and the atom
ANS:
18
60.
Werner Heisenberg and the uncertainty principle
ANS:
You Lord, are the Most High over all the earth-Psalm 97:9
19
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 26
20
Chapter 26 The Futile Search for Stability:
Europe between the Wars, 1919 - 1939
Name _______________________________________Date______Period________Score_____
Focus Questions
1.
Impact of World War I and the problems faced by European countries in the 1920’s
21
2.
The responses of France, Great Britain, and the United States to the Great Depression
and other crises
22
3.
World War I’s effect on Europe’s colonies in Asia and Africa
23
4.
The retreat from democracy and the characteristics of totalitarian states: Fascist
Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia
24
5.
What role did the mass culture and mass leisure play in totalitarian states
25
6.
What were the main cultural and intellectual trends in the interwar years
26
7.
Why the 1920’s has been called both an age of anxiety, and a period of hope
27
Chapter 26 Spill Over Focus Questions and Answers
28