Directing
Meaning
Management is an art of getting the done
through others. The term, Direction, stands for
that managerial function which initiates
organized action. Directing means telling people
what to do and seeing that they do it as per
plan.
Definition
According to Earnest Dale defines directing as ,.
telling people what to do and seeing that they
do it to the best of their ability. It includes
making assignment , explaining procedures,
seeing that mistakes are corrected , providing
on the job instruction, and of course, issuing
order.
Nature & Characteristics
• It is a dynamic function: A manger has to continuously
direct, motivate , guide and lead his subordinates.
• It initiate action
• It provide necessary link between various managerial
functions
• It is universal function
• It is concerned with human relationships
Principle of effective direction
• Harmony of objective
• Unity of Command
• Unity of direction
• Direct supervision
• Effective communication
• Follow ups
Motivation
Meaning
At one time, employees were considered just
another input into the production of goods and
services. Motivation is the driving force by which
humans achieve their goals It is the incentives that
we seek, the perks that bubble. It is a gentle yet
invisible hand that pushes us forward.
Definition
“A motive is an inner state that energizes, activates
or moves and direct or channels behavior goals”
-Berleson and Stenier
“It is the stimulation of any emotion or desire
operating upon one’s will and promoting or driving it to
action”
Importance of motivation in Management
Motivating the staff is a very critical factor for the following
reasons:
• Resulting in higher output or productivity meaning that given
a certain level of resources, a highly motivated workforce will
generate very much more than a de-motivated workforce
• Reduces wastages and produce more higher quality works
• Motivated staff are generally more pro-active and has
greater sense of urgency hence making things happen faster
• Motivated staff will give their best to the company hence
helping management to achieve the organization objectives like
achieving sales and profit targets.
Types of Motivation
There are two ways in which people can be motivated:
• Positive Motivation or Pull Mechanism: When shown a reward
and a way to achieve it. Such a reward may be financial or
non-financial. Monetary motivation may include different
incentives, wage plans, productive bonus schemes, etc..
• Non-Monetary motivation may include praise for work,
participation in management , social recognition etc..
Generally seeks to create a positive atmosphere in the
organisation.
Types of Motivation
• Negative Motivation or Push Mechanism: Installing fear in
the minds of the people.. Fear of consequences of doing
something or not doing something keeps the worker in desired
direction. Fear creates frustration and an unfavorable
attitude towards work which hinders efficiency and
productivity. Its use should be kept minimum.
Theories Of Motivation
A large number of theories exist on motivation but among them
there are few theories that are considered to be outstanding. These
Theories explain the various approaches to motivation.
The following theories will be discussed:
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
• Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory &
• McGregor’s X and Y Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
One of the most widely mentioned theories of motivation is the
hierarchy of needs theory put forth by psychologist Abraham
Maslow.
• Physiological needs: These are important needs for sustaining
the human life. Food, water, warmth, shelter,
sleep, medicine and education are the basic physiological needs
which fall in the primary list of need satisfaction.
• Security or Safety needs: These are the needs to be free of
physical danger and of the fear of losing a job, property,
food or shelter. It also includes protection against any emotional
harm.
• Social needs: Since people are social beings, they need to belong
and be accepted by others. People try to satisfy their need for
affection, acceptance and friendship.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
• Esteem needs: Once people begin to satisfy their need to belong,
they tend to want to be held in esteem both by themselves and by
others. This kind of need produces such satisfaction as power,
prestige status and self-confidence. It includes both internal
esteem factors like self-respect, autonomy and achievements and
external esteem factors such as states, recognition and attention.
• Need for self-actualization: It is the drive to become what
one is capable of becoming, it includes growth, achieving ones
potential and self fulfillment. It is to maximize one’s potential and
to accomplish something.
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y
McGregor, in his book .The Human side of Enterprise. States that
people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is
basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is
basically positive, which falls under the category Y.
Under the assumptions of Theory X
• Employees inherently do not like work and whenever possible, will
attempt to avoid it.
• Because employees dislike work, they have to be forced, coerced or
threatened with punishment to achieve goals.
• Employees avoid responsibilities and do not work fill formal directions
are issued.
• Most workers place a greater importance on security over all other
factors and display little ambition.
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y
In contrast under the assumptions of Theory Y:
• Physical and mental effort at work is as natural as rest or play.
• People do exercise self-control and self-direction and if they are
committed to those goals.
• Average human beings are willing to take responsibility and exercise
imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving the problems of the
organization.
On analysis of the assumptions it can be detected that theory X assumes
that lower-order needs dominate individuals and theory Y assumes that
higher-order needs dominate individuals.
In contrast Theory Y organizations can be described as participative.,
where the aims of the organization and of the individuals in it are
integrated; individuals can achieve their own goals best by directing
their efforts towards the success of the organization.
Frederick Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Frederick Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Frederick has tried to modify Maslow’s need Hierarchy theory.
His theory is also known as two-factor theory or Hygiene theory.
He stated that there are certain satisfiers and dis-satisfiers for
employees at work.
• Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while
• Extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.
He asked people to describe in detail, such situations when they
felt exceptionally good or exceptionally bad.
• From the responses that he received, he concluded that opposite
of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction.
•Removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not
necessarily make the job satisfying.
•He states that presence of certain factors in the organization is
natural and the presence of the same does not lead to motivation.
Frederick Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
However, their non presence leads to de-motivation. In similar
manner there are certain factors, the absence of which causes no
dissatisfaction, but their presence has motivational impact.
Morale
Meaning
Morale is purely emotional. Its an attitude of an
employee towards a job, his superior and his
organisation. This may vary from high to very low. It
changes depending on work conditions, superiors, fellowworkers, pay and so on. When an employee has a
favourable attitude towards his work, he is said to have
high morale.
Definition: “Morale is a state of mind or of a
willingness to work which in turn affects individuals and
organisational objectives.”
-Michael J. Jucius
Leadership
Definition
Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce
subordination to work with confidence and Zeal.
- Koontz and O. Donnel
Leadership is activity of influencing people to strive
willingly for group objectives.
-George R.Terry
Leadership Styles
• Authoritarian or autocratic
• Participative or democratic
• Delegative or Free Reign(Laissez faire)
• Paternalistic
Communication
Communication is the best means by which people are
linked together in an organisation to achieve a common
objective or purpose. It is the life blood of organisation.
Meaning
The word communication has been derived from the Latin
word “communis” which means common. Thus
communication means sharing of ideas in common.
Communication
Definition
“Communication is a way that one organisation
member shares meaning and understandings with
another”
- Koontz & O'Donnell
Principle of effective communication system
•Clarity and completeness of message
• Adequate Briefing of the recipient
• Integrity and Sincerity
• Motivation and mutual confidence
• Proper feedback
• Proper Timing
• Use of appropriate media
• Use of informal organisation
• Emphatic listening and avoiding premature evaluation
• Sound organisation structure
Co-ordination
Co-ordination is the process of synchronizing activities of
various persons in the organization in order to achieve goals.
Definition: To co-ordinate is to harmonies all the activities
of a person in order to facilitate its working and its success.
-Henry Fayol
It seems more accurate to regard co-ordination as the
essence of manger ship for achievement of harmony of
individual efforts towards the accomplishment of group goal
is the purpose of management. Each of the managerial
functions is an exercise in co-ordination.
-Koontz and O'Donnell
Importance of co-ordination
Co-ordination is essential at every level of management
for achieving harmony of individual efforts.
• Good personnel relation
• Unity of Direction
• Essence of management
• Efficiency and economy
• Helpful in developing and retaining of personnel