Business Overview
April 2015
KynderMed
Legal Disclaimers
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herein shall not constitute an offer to sell, or solicitation of an offer to buy,
any of our securities.
Plans, Performance, Estimates and Assumptions. This presentation contains
information concerning our future plans and performance. There can be
no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement any of our
plans or achieve any projected future performance. You should note that
information concerning our future plans and performance involves known
and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our
control, and, accordingly, there can be no assurance that the information
concerning our future plans and performance contained in this
presentation will occur. Furthermore, because this presentation is based
upon estimates and assumptions about circumstances and events that
have not taken place and are subject to material variation, there can be
no assurance that the matters, strategies, goals and expectations
expressed in or implied by this presentation will be attained, or, if attained,
that we will be profitable. Likewise, there can be no assurance that our
estimates, assumptions, matters, strategies, goals and expectations will not
change from those presented herein. This presentation was not prepared,
and is not required to be prepared, in conformity with guidelines
established by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or any state
securities regulatory agency or authority and has not been reviewed by an
accounting firm.
2
KynderMed
Our Mission: Saving Infants
 Focused on unmet medical needs in Obstetrics
“An innovation wasteland”
 IP estate includes both pharmaceutical and device
applications covering the regulation of uterine contractions
 First product is a medical device to delay the onset of
premature labor.
 The product will be launch-ready in 2nd – 3rd Quarter of 2017
 One human Proof of Concept completed
 Second in progress at Brigham and Women’s Hospital
 Third commencing in March
 Funding Need: $4 million
 $1.2 million now to complete 1st small pivotal trial
 $2.8 million in 16 months to reach US and EU marketing approvals
3
KynderMed
1,000,000 Preterm Babies Die Globally Each Year
 Tragic Human Toll
 Preterm birth: Number 1 cause of death for
newborns.
 1 in 8 pregnancies deliver preterm
 25% of all US pregnancies are at-risk
 35% of all infant deaths in the US are preterm
 Over 50% of the survivors born before 28 weeks will
have long term problems
 Major Burden on an Overtaxed
Healthcare System
 $25+ billion in US healthcare costs
 $55,000 average cost of care for a preemie
4
KynderMed
And There is No Effective Therapeutic Answer
Evidence: There has been No reduction in the incidence
over the last 40 years . . . “an innovation wasteland
 Current Therapies:
 Pharmaceutical
•
•
•
Magnesium Sulfate
Nifedipine
Progesterone
 Surgical – Cerclage
 Short term
 Unsafe for mother and/or fetus
 The Outlook: Not Good
 Therapies in research are either short term solutions or early
stage and will require a long time to reach the market
5
KynderMed
The Importance of Reaching Full-Term
GESTATION PERIOD : THE DIFFERENCE A WEEK OR A DAY CAN MAKE
Week
21
22
23
Chance of
Survival
0%
0-5%
10-35%
24
40-70% 50-80%
Survival
Increase
6% / day
Long Term
Problems
35-50% have one or more :
Problems
at Birth
25
4% / day
•
•
•
•
Cerebral Palsy
Blindness
Deafness
Intellectual Disability
•
•
•
•
Breathing
Ea ng
Muscle tone
Temperature
26
27
30
80-90%
>90%
>95%
2-3% / day
34
>98% >99%
1-2% / day
30% severe problems Increased risk of:
• Learning Disabili es
50% some problems
• Hearing
• Sight
• Intellectual (45%)
• Behavioral Issues
•
•
•
•
• Breathing
• Ea ng
Breathing
Ea ng
Muscle tone
Temperature
6
40
KynderMed
Creating a Solution
Dr. Olcese’s Question
 Dr. James Olcese
 Expert in circadian rhythms and neuroendocrine mechanisms
 100+ peer-reviewed papers
 Assoc. Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience and
Biophysics at FSU School of Medicine
 Formerly Professor, Hormone & Fertility Research at the University of
Hamburg Medical School
 Being observant, noted that most deliveries occur at
night
 Being curious, he asked OB/GYNs why . . .
 They did not know.
 Being a scientist he could not accept that and set off
to find the answer
7
KynderMed
The Science
Background
The Central Circadian Clock directs the timing of labor
•
Lesions of the central circadian
clock (SCN) disrupt the timing
of that
parturition
in the rat of
revealed
elimination
Experiments with pregnant rats
the “time of day signals” by surgically destroying the brain’s
clock resulted in deliveries across 24h.
Melatonin restores proper phase of parturition to pinealectomized rats
•
When melatonin was replaced
to coincide with its normal rise
the normal birth phase of the
rats was restored.
Reppert SM, et al 1987
Takayama H et al, 2003 Endrocr J 50-37-43
(Reppert SM et al. 1987)
8
(Takayama H et al. 2003 Endocr. J. 50: 37-43)
KynderMed
The Discoveries
Important Learnings
Melatonin receptors appear in the uterus before birth
and the interaction of the receptors with melatonin is
part of the process causing contractions
• Melatonin receptors are expressed in
the myometrium during pregnancy.
These increase dramatically when
labor begins
M elatonin effects on myometrial cell contractions:
Involvement of the M T2 melatonin receptor
and protein kinase C signaling
__________________________________________________________
• Melatonin activates protein kinase
Ca signaling and the myosin light
chain, potentiating cell contractions
in myometrium smooth muscle cells
*
control
% of untreated controls
100
75
50
25
0
I-MEL
I-MEL + 4PPDOT I-MEL + C1
4PPDOT
C1
Treatments
treated
(Sharkey JT, Puttaramu R, Word RA and Olcese J 2009 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 421-427)
(Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Middendorf R, Muller D and Olcese J 2003 J od Clin Endrocrinol Metab 58:908 – 913
(Sharkey JT, Putteramu R, Word R and Olcese J, 2009, J Clin Endocronol Metab 94: 421 - 427
9
KynderMed
The Discoveries
•
Important Learnings
There is a synergistic relationship between melatonin and
oxytocin that promotes and synchronizes contractions.
Model for Melatonin's Synergistic Actions
on Myometrial Contractions
•
Melatonin Potentiation of Oxytocin
Induced Myometrial Contractions
Impact of Light on Melatonin Levels
Acute inhibition of melatonin lowers the incidence of nocturnal
contractions. This is relevant to both preventing and inducing
labor
(Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Middendorf R, Muller D and Olcese J 2003 J od Clin Endrocrinol Metab 58:908 – 913
(Sharkey JT, Putteramu R, Word R and Olcese J, 2009, J Clin Endocronol Metab 94: 421 - 427
10
KynderMed
The Solution
•
ears
history of
ol, corticoor histoor positive
s
Exposing a pregnant woman to a light source during
sleeping hours inhibits the secretion of melatonin
Impact of Light on Uterine
Contractions During the Night
atonin
gnant
g and
ht light
______
•
Light as a Drug
Frequency of Uterine Contractions
During the Night MEL12-014
Frequency of Uterine Contractions
During the Night MEL 10-011
Light acts as a “drug” to reduce or eliminate contractions
Importance: Preventing contractions in at-risk women reduces
preterm births
(Olcese J, Beesley S, Fertil Steril 2014:102;329 – 335)
(Sharkey JT, Putteramu R, Word R and Olcese J, 2009, J Clin Endocronol Metab 94: 421 - 427
11
KynderMed
The Solution
Cerulean Sleep
 A sleep mask containing a battery driven series of
small blue light spectrum LEDS.
 Light dynamics developed with collaborator who
conducted phase-shifting research for NASA
 Designed to illuminate at specific intervals and
durations with a low wavelength light
 Battery life of 8 months from activation
 Comfortable, attractive, ergonomic and convenient
 Low cost to manufacture (via 3rd party)
 Effectively regulates the melatonin levels of at-risk
women
 Safely and effectively suppresses the onset of
preterm labor.
12
KynderMed
Intellectual Property
 Currently 2 issued patents and 4 applications
 Using Light to Regulate Uterine Contractions – Issued
 Compositions for Inducing Labor and Associated
Methods – Issued
 Sleep Mask That Incorporates Light to Regulate
Uterine Contractions
 Methods of Treating Pre-Term Labor
 Novel Application of Melatonin Receptor Analogs
 Photic Suppression of Uterine Contractions
 Intellectual Property covers both device and
pharmaceutical applications
 Additional protections will be filed over the next 12
months
13
KynderMed
The Team
Don Rosenkoetter, President
 30 years experience in senior leadership positions
 Has successfully led, guided and funded start-ups
 Deep experience in Women’s Health and devices
James Olcese, Ph.D., Interim Vice President and CSO.
 Inventor of the technology
 Expert in circadian rhythms and neuroendocrine mechanisms
• Associate Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience and
Molecular Biophysics, FSU
• Formerly Professor, Hormone & Fertility Research at the University of
Hamburg Medical School in Hamburg, Germany
Alan Curtis, Regulatory Advisor.
 Has taken numerous medical devices in women’s health and light
therapy through the FDA
 Formerly VP of Regulatory / Clinical / Quality for three Women’s
Health device start-ups
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KynderMed
Scientific Advisors
Robert F. Casper, MD FCRS(C)

Medical Director, Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive
Technology

Professor, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Obstetrics
and Gynecology, University of Toronto

Senior Investigator, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount
Sinai Hospital

Editorial Editor of Fertility and Sterility

Section Editor for Reproductive Medicine
Stuart Hart, MD, MS, FACOG, FACS

Assistant Professor Female Pelvic and Reconstructive Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida

Medical Director, Tampa Bay Research and Innovation Center

Medical Director, USF Center for the Advancement of
Minimally Invasive Pelvic Surgery and Center for Advanced
Medical Learning and Simulation,
15
KynderMed
The Sum of the Parts
Key Team Attributes
 World Class Science
 Leading expert in the science
 2 OB/GYN KOL Advisors with complementary skills
 Practical Commercial Experience




Over 90 years in the industry
Led or guided over a dozed start-ups
Solid transactional history
Launched over a dozen products
 Market Experience
 Medical Devices
 Women’s Health
 Functional Expertise




Commercialization
Product Development
Regulatory Affairs
Business Development
16
KynderMed
Important Collaborations
 Brigham and Women’s Hospital
 Currently independently running a Proof of Concept on
human subjects using blue light to control contractions.
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 Leveraging expertise derived from NASA studies and
learnings regarding the impact of specific light forms on
circadian rhythms
 Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive Therapy
 Preparing joint study proposal
 Will be a center for pivotal clinical trial
 University of Texas Southwestern
 Have co-published
 Shared Tissue Bank
17
KynderMed
Cerulean Sleep
Commercialization
 The Market
 Worldwide: 33.0 Million at-risk preterm births
 Developed Markets: 7.6 million
 Market Coverage
 US - Hybrid “owned” and contracted selling organization
 Dispensing OB/GYNs
Market Assessment
 OUS – Licensed or JV
 Projected Market Penetration
Life Science
Disruptive Benchmark
Cerulean Sleep
Commercialization
¡ The Market
Markets
2017
2018
2019
2020
Developed
1.1%
3.6%
8.0%
17.6%
Developing
0
0
0,2
0.8
Total
0.3%
0.8%
1.8%
4.0%
Ø Worldwide: 33.0 Million at-risk preterm births Projection
Based Upon
Ø Developed Markets: 7.6 million
Benchmarks
Ø Market Coverage
Ø US - Hybrid “owned” and contracted selling organization
§ Dispensing OB/GYNs
Projection In
Financials
Ø OUS – Licensed or JV
§ Projected Market Penetration
Projection In
2020
Financials
Markets
2017
2018
2019
Developed
1.1%
3.6%
8.0%
Developing
0
0
0.8
2.0
0.3%
0.8%
1.8%
4.0%
Total
Tier I Adoption
15
18
17.6%
KynderMed
Financial Overview
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Revenues
-
-
$16.8
$54.7
$122.8
COGS
-
0.7
3.1
7.7
38.2
Gross Profit
-
(0.7)
13.7
47.0
232.9
R&D
0.6
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.9
SG&A
0.3
0.6
9.4
18.4
38.2
Total OPEX
0.9
1.8
10.5
19.3
39.1
$(0.9)
$(2.4)
$3.2
$27.7
$193.8
$(0.1)
$27.6
$221.4
($ millions)
EBITDA
Accum EBITDA
FTE
$(0.9) $(3.3)
3
7
40
53
19
55
Max Deficit
• To Approval $4.2
• Thru Launch $8.5
KynderMed
Healthcare Economics
“What If ?”
 Our model has KynderMed securing approximately 1/3
of the US at-risk population.
 If every pregnant woman in the U.S. was provided a
Cerulean Blue mask at a cost of $250 per mask the
burden to our healthcare system would be:
4.4 million x $250 =
$1.1 billion cost
 If Cerulean Blue only reduced preterm births by 25%
the savings to the healthcare system would be:
137,000 x $55,000 =
$7.5 billion benefit
Result: a $6.4 billion reduction in US healthcare costs
20
KynderMed
Exit Points
· Three potential exit / value inflection points are projected in the
short to intermediate term:
o Q4 2016
o Q1 2017
o 2018 -19
Completion clinical trials
FDA and EU marketing approvals
18–24 months following US and EU launches
· The Company will determine the exit point opportunistically,
based upon the market conditions and levels of outside interest.
21
KynderMed
Funding Need
• $4.0 to Reach Regulatory Approval
 Phase I (now): $1.2 to completion of 1st small
pivotal clinical trial.

Continue current clinical studies

Product design

Manufacturing development – 3rd party

Small clinical trial
 Phase II (16 months): $2.8 through US & EU
approvals

2 small clinical trials

Lock design

File for US and EU approvals

Secure marketing partners
• If Launch vs. Exit
 $8-$9 million to Launch in 2nd-3rd Quarter 2017
 Need in 4th Quarter 2016
22
KynderMed
Cerulean Sleep
Timeline
Targeting US & EU Launches Q2-Q3 2017
23
KynderMed
Immediate Next Steps - 18 Months





Secure funding of $1.2 million
Complete 3rd Proof of Concept human trial
Enhance and expand IP estate
Refine product design and prototyping
Expand collaborations including:
 Brigham and Women’s Hospital
 Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive Technology
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute


Test and build prototypes for clinical studies
Conduct 1st small pivotal clinical study
24
Contact:
Don Rosenkoetter
President
617.461.6654
gdr@kyndermed.com
25
Appendix
Scientific References
General articles on myometrium research
Smith R 2007 Parturition. N Engl J Med 356:271–283
A highly readable review of the current state of research into term and preterm human labor
Young WS, Shepard E, Amico J, et al. 1996 Deficiency in mouse oxytocin prevents milk ejection, but not
fertility or parturition. J Neuroendocrinol. 8(11):847-853.
Nishimori K, Youn LJ, Guo Q, Wang Z, Insel TR, Matzuk MM 1996 Oxytocin is required for nursing but is not
essential for parturition or reproductive behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93(21): 11699-11704.
Takayanagi Y, Yoshida M, Bielsky IF, et al. 2005 Pervasive social deficits, but normal parturition, in oxytocin
receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(44): 16096-16101.
The above three papers corroborate that oxytocin is not essential for labor in pregnant rodent models
of parturition
Mendelson CR. 2009 Minireview: fetal-maternal hormonal signaling in pregnancy and labor. Mol Endocrinol
23(7):947-954.
An insightful examination of the controversies surrounding human parturition
Mitchell BF, Taggart MJ 2009 Are animal models relevant to key aspects of human parturition? Am J Physiol
Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 297(3):R525-545.
These well-established researchers make a strong argument that the common non-primate models of
parturition are not really suitable for clinical translation
Leake RD, Weitzman RE, Glatz TH, Fisher DA. 1981 Plasma oxytocin concentrations in men, nonpregnant
women and pregnant women before and during spontaneous labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 53(4):730-733.
26
Appendix
Scientific References
General articles on myometrium research
Thornton S, Davison JM, Baylis PH. 1992 Plasma oxytocin during the first and second stages of spontaneous
human labour. Acta Endocrinol. 126(5):425-429.
The above two papers show that maternal plasma oxytocin levels are low in pregnancy and only
rising in some women after spontaneous labor is well underway
General reviews on melatonin physiology
Masana MI, Dubocovich ML 2001 Melatonin receptor signaling: finding the path through the dark. Sci STKE,
PE39
Arendt J. 2006 Melatonin in humans: it’s about time. J Neuroendocrinol. 17(8):537-538.
Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J. 2010 International Union of
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G proteincoupled melatonin receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 62(3):343-380.
All three of the above review articles provide extensive information on the targets and actions of
melatonin and its potential relevance for human health and disease
Myometrium, Labor and Uterine Rhythms
Glattre E,, Bjerkedal T. 1983 The 24-hour rhythmicity of birth: a population study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
62:31-36.
Cooperstock M, England JE, Wolfe RA. 1987 Circadian incidence of labor onset hour in preterm birth and
chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol. 70(6):852-855.
27
Appendix
Scientific References
Zahn V, Hattensperger W 1993 Circadian rhythm of pregnancy contractions. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol
197(1):1–10
Cagnacci A, Soldani R, Melis GB, Volpe A. 1998 Diurnal rhythms of labor and delivery in women:
modulation by parity and seasons. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 178(1 pt 1):140-145.
Lindow SW, Jha RR, Thompson JW. 2000 24-hour rhythm to the onset of preterm labour. Br J Obstet
Gynecol. 107(9): 1145-1148.
Vatish M, Steer PJ, Blanks AM, Hon M, Thornton S. 2010 Diurnal variation is lost in preterm deliveries
before 28 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 117(6):765-767.
The above six papers confirm that uterine contractions in late term pregnancy as well as in term
and preterm labor occurs primarily in the late night and early morning hours
Lincoln DW, Porter DG. 1976 Timing of the photoperiod and the hour of birth in rats. Nature. 260(5554):
780-781.
An early report on the presence of a circadian rhythm in the timing of birth in rodents
Reppert SM, Henshaw D, Schwartz WJ, Weaver DR. 1987 The circadian-gated timing of birth in rats:
disruption by maternal SCN lesions or by removal of the fetal brain. Brain Res. 403(2):398-402.
This seminal study demonstrated that ablation of the maternal circadian clock in pregnant rats
perturbs the timing of birth, implicating a brain derived circadian signal for parturition
Harbert GM Jr. Biorhythms of the pregnant uterus (Macaca mulatta). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;
129(4):401-408.
Morgan MA, Silavin SL, Wentworth RA, et al. Different patterns of myometrial activity and 24-h rhythms
in myometrial contractility in the gravid baboon during the second half of pregnancy. Biol Reprod.
1992; 46(6):1158-116
28
Appendix
Scientific References
Farber DM, Giussani DA, Jenkins SL, et al. 1997 Timing of the switch from myometrial contractures to
contractions in late-gestation pregnant rhesus monkeys as recorded by
myometrial electromyogram during spontaneous term and androstenedione-induced labor. Biol
Reprod 56: 557–62.
The above three papers demonstrate that uterine contractions in the pregnant non-human
primate also occur primarily in the late night and early morning hours
Melatonin, pregnancy and the uterus
Kivela A, Kauppila A, Leppaluoto J, Vakkuri O 1989 Serum and amniotic fluid melatonin during human
labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:1065–1068
Kivela A 1991 Serum melatonin during pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 124: 233–237
The above two papers established that serum melatonin levels continued to peak at night during late
pregnancy and during pregnancy irrespective of labor induction or cesarean delivery
Wierrani F, Grin W, Hlawaka B, Kroiss A, Gruenberger W. Elevated serum melatonin levels during human
late pregnancy and labour. J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 17(5):449-451
This study determined that serum melatonin levels were elevated late in pregnancy and during labor
Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Hellner N, Middendorf R, Muller D, Olcese J 2003 The human myometrium as a
target for melatonin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(2): 908–913
Sharkey J, Olcese J 2007 Transcriptional inhibition of oxytocin receptor expression in human
myometrial cells by melatonin involves protein kinase C signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:4015–
4019
The above two early reports showed convincingly that the human myometrium is a target for
melatonin via the expression of both known forms of melatonin receptors
29
Appendix
Scientific References
Martensson LG, Andersson RG, Berg G 1996 Melatonin together with noradrenaline augments
contractions of human myometrium. Eur J Pharmacol 316:273–275
This study showed that melatonin synergizes with alpha-adrenergic receptor activation to
promote human myometrial contractility in vitro
Takayama H, Nakamura Y, Tamura H, et al.. 2003. Pineal gland (melatonin) affects the parturition time,
but not luteal function and fetal growth, in pregnant rats. Endocrine J. 50(1):37-43.
This group determined that removal of the pineal gland (the source of melatonin) in pregnant rats
disrupted the circadian timing of birth, and that properly timed hormone replacement restored this
Sharkey JT, Puttaramu R, Word RA, Olcese J. 2009 Melatonin synergizes with oxytocin to enhance
contractility of human myometrial smooth muscle cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 94(2):421-427.
A pioneering study that reveals numerous mechanisms through which melatonin activates
human uterine contractions in vitro
Hertz-Eshel M, Rahamimoff R. 1965 Effect of melatonin on uterine contractility. Life Sci. 4(14):1367-1372.
Burns JK. 1972 Effects of melatonin on some blood constituents and on uterine contractility in the rat. J
Physiol 226(2):106P-107P.
The above two early reports were among the first to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of
melatonin of uterine contractions in the nocturnally active pregnant rat
Steffens F, Zhou X-B, Sausbier U, et al. 2003 Melatonin receptor signaling in pregnant and nonpregnant
rat uterine myocytes as probed by BKCa channel activity. Mol Endocrinol. 17(10): 2103-2115.
These authors identified significant differences in the signaling pathways used by the melatonin
receptors in the myometrium of pregnant and nonpregant rats
Sharkey J, Cable C, Olcese J. 2010 Melatonin sensitizes human myometrial cells to oxytocin in a
PKCα/ERK-dependent manner. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 95(6):2902-2908.
The results here demonstrate that melatonin synergizes with oxytocin at numerous intracellular
levels to activate pro-contractile events in human myometrial cells
30
Appendix
Scientific References
Melatonin and light
Ducsay CA, Yellon SM. 1991 Photoperiod regulation of uterine activity and melatonin rhythms in the
pregnant rhesus macaque. Biol Reprod. 44(6):967-974.
These authors demonstrated that the timing of birth in nonhuman primates can be phase-shifted by
reversal of the light-dark cycles, implying circadian clock control of this event.
Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP. 1980 Light suppresses melatonin secretion in
humans. Science 210(4475):1267-1269.
This seminal report showed that melatonin secretion is inhibited by white light
West KE, Jablonski MR, Warfield B, et al. 2011 Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent
suppression of melatonin in humans. J Appl Physiol 110(3):619-626.
One of the first human trials demonstrating that blue light (469 nm) is effective in reducing human
melatonin secretion
Figueiro MG, Bierman A, Rea MS. 2013 A train of blue light pulses delivered through closed eyelids
suppresses melatonin and phase shifts the human circadian system. Nat Sci Sleep 5:133–41.
These results demonstrated that blue light (470 nm) penetrates the closed eyelids to significantly
suppress melatonin levels in nonpregnant human subjects
Olcese J, Lozier S, Paradise C. 2013 Melatonin and the circadian timing of human
parturition. Reprod Sci 20:168–74.
Olcese J and S. Beesley 2014 Clinical significance of melatonin receptors in the human myometrium. Fert.
Steril. 102: 329-335.
The data from the above two papers confirm that white light suppresses nocturnal melatonin
secretion and uterine contractions in late term pregnant women
Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Warfield B, et al. 2015 Short-wavelength enrichment of polychromatic light
enhances human melatonin supression potentcy. J Pineal Res. 58(3): 352-61
These authors showed that white light enriched with blue light (~450 nm) is more potent for
suppressing human melatonin levels
31