Three Minute Review
• INTELLIGENCE
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history of testing and intelligence tests
how to make a proper test (valid, reliable, standardized)
verbal vs. performance subtests
Spearman
• logic of factor analysis
• one main factor (g) + specific factors (s’s)
• what is g?
– faster processing?
– better executive function?
– working memory, perhaps in lateral prefrontal cortex
– Cattell
• two main factors
• fluid intelligence
• crystallized intelligence
– validity of IQ tests
• some predictive use, but not great
• Other types of intelligence
– savants
– Gardner -- multiple intelligences
– Goleman -- emotional intelligence
• Heredity of intelligence
– strong genetic component
– some environmental component
– Flynn effect
• IQ has increased over time
• genes haven’t changed that quickly -- what has?
– both genes and environment are necessary
Test Yourself
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Rashi is given several intelligence tests and is found
to do well above average on most areas, including
mathematical, verbal, and spatial abilities.
Spearman would attribute Rashi's high performance
across this variety of tests to:
a) g (general intelligence).
b) s (specific ability).
c) fluid intelligence.
d) crystallized intelligence.
e) mental age.
Assembling Sounds
Sounds  phonemes  morphemes  words  sentences  meaning
• hard to identify word transitions in speech
• speech recognition systems require slow, paused
speech
• misunderstandings
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mondegreens
“It’s a doggy-dog world”
“Our father wishart in heaven; Harold be thy name”
Jimi Hendrix
• “’scuse me while I kiss this guy”
– Red Hot Chili Peppers
• “Wait for the shed; it’s a lonely view”?
Assembling Words
Sounds  phonemes  morphemes  words  sentences  meaning
(Gray, Fig 11.9, p. 436)
Morpheme vs. word?
The boy-s kick-ed the ball
Assembling Meaning
Sounds  phonemes  morphemes  words  sentences  meaning
Grammar
• the rules of language
– phonology -- assembling sounds
– morphology -- combining word parts
• “The boy hit the ball” vs. “The boy hitted the ball”
– syntax -- word order
• “The boy hit the ball” vs. “The ball hit the boy”
• Semantics
– meaning
• “The boy hit the ball” vs. “The boy went to the ball”
• Deep Meaning
– the underlying ideas based on context and culture
• She: “I am leaving you.”
• He: “Who is he?”
Ambiguous Phrasing
When things go wrong
• Translation errors based on alternative word
meanings
– In a Bangkok dry cleaner's
• "Drop your trousers here for best results."
– Outside a Paris dress shop
• "Dresses for street walking."
– In an Acapulco hotel
• "The manager has personally passed all the
water served here."
• Headlines with noun/verb ambiguity
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British Left Waffles on Falklands
Stud Tires Out
Chou Remains Cremated
Teacher Strikes Idle Kids
Squad Helps Dog Bite Victim
Hershey Bars Protest
Deer Kill 130,000
• Translation software
– “The vodka is good but the meat is rotten.”
Mentalese
• Is language the basis of thought?
• Do words that exist in other languages allow new concepts?
– “Schadenfreude” (German, damage + joy) = experiencing pleasure at
someone else’s misfortune
• Do our words bias our thoughts?
– stewardess vs. flight attendant
– fire man vs. fire fighter
– chairman vs. chair or chairperson
• Do “Eskimos” (Inuit) really have so many (e.g., 300) words
for snow?
Linguistic Relativity (Sapir & Whorf)
• Whorf’s problem with “empty” oil containers
• culture, through language affects the way we think
• “another language, another soul”
Language in the Brain
The brain of Broca’s patient “Tan”
Paul Broca
Broca’s aphasia
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follows damage to left frontal lobe
problems generating speech
not a problem moving mouth muscles
often accompanied by right hemiparesis
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why?
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s aphasia
– occurs with left hemisphere damage
– problems with language comprehension
– fluent nonsense
visual cortex
auditory cortex
Wernicke’s
area
Broca’s
area
motor
cortex
(language
comprehension)
(language
generation)
(mouth, lips
tongue)
Thin Slices of Behavior
• subjects watched soundless
video clips of teaching assistant
for 2, 5 or 10 seconds
• students rated how accepting,
empathic, optimistic,
professional, or supportive the
teacher seemed
• correlation with teaching ratings
of students in the instructor’s
class: .76
Physical Space
• depends on how
well you know the
other person
• depends on
situation (e.g.,
elevator, subway)
• larger for pairs
with status
difference than for
peers
• distance is set by
higher status
person
• smaller for women
than men
Physical Space
• need more space face-toface than back-to-back
• how to freak people out in
an elevator (or at a urinal)
Facial Expressions
Fake vs. “zygomatic” smiles
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In this picture, an experienced
flight attendant demonstrates a
facial expression she uses at
work. Is she performing genuine
warmth, or is it concealed
irritation?
a. Genuine Warmth
b. Concealed Irritation
Eye Contact
• indicates attentiveness, credibility
• conveys intensity of feelings
– couples in love
• makes people more likeable
– higher tips
• when does a gaze become a stare?
– aggressive, causes discomfort
• culturally specific
– Asians < Americans < Arabs
• higher status individuals make more eye
contact, lower status individuals look away
more
Body Language
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twitching = nervousness
open posture (e.g., arms open)
closed posture (e.g., arms crossed)
leaning toward you = positive attitude
leaning back = negative attitude or
defensiveness
• higher status person
– more open posture
Who just won the basketball game?
Gesturing while on the phone
Why do you gesture when no one is watching?
Interactional
Synchrony:
congruent posture,
congruent minds
Detecting Deception
“I did not have
sexual relations
with <pause, gaze
averted> that
woman, Ms.
Lewinsky.”
Accuracy at Lie Detection