Theories of
Personality
Power Point Presentation by
Avidan Milevsky, Ph.D.
Touro College South
This presentation copyright Susan C. Cloninger. Some
images are from "Holy Cow! 250,000 Graphics," by
Macmillan Digital Publishing USA.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER
FOURTEEN
ROGERS
Person-Centered Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview
The Actualizing Tendency
 The Organismic Valuing Process
 The Fully Functioning Person
 Subjective Experience, Values, and
Science
The Self
Development
 Development of Creativity
Therapy
 Client-Centered Therapy
 Research on Therapy
 Stages of Process
 Encounter Groups
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview
Other Applications
 Humanistic Education
 Marriage and Relationships
 Social Welfare Programs
 Business
 Political Conflict, War, and Peace
Criticisms Of Rogers’s Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preview of Rogers’s Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Carl Rogers
 Born in Illinois in 1902
 Raised in a fundamentalist
Christian home
 Studied at the University of
Wisconsin and at Union
Theological Seminary
 Psychology degree from
Columbia University
 Held several clinical and
academic positions
 President of American
Psychological association
 Died in 1987
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Actualizing Tendency
The Organismic Valuing Process
The Fully Functioning Person
Subjective Experience, Values,
and Science
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
actualizing tendency
Definition:
the force for growth and
development that is innate
in all organisms
Examples:
a plant’s innate tendency to
grow (even in poor soil)
a person’s tendency toward
self-actualization
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
organismic valuing process
Definition:
inner sense within a person,
which guides him or her in
the directions of growth
and health
Examples:
the inner vague feeling that
choosing a certain career,
or a certain love partner,
would be wrong for you,
even if everyone else
approves of that choice
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Openness to
experience
Creativity
Existential
living
The Fully
Functioning
Person
Experiential
freedom
Organismic
trusting
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Subjective Experience,
Values, and Science
Spirituality, as well as subjectivity,
are consistent with Rogers’s theory,
which does not aspire to be value-free.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Self
ideal self – real self discrepancy
incongruence
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Development
conditions of worth:
the expectations that a
person must live up to
before receiving
respect and love
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
unconditional positive regard
Definition:
accepting and valuing a person
without requiring particular
behaviors as a prerequisite
Examples:
Being accepted and
loved even if your
grades are low, your
weight is wrong, and
your attitude is
questionable
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Development of Creativity
Statements typical of parents of preschool children who
later became creative:
“I respect my child’s opinions and encourage him to
express them.”
“I encourage my child to be curious, to explore and
question things.”
And the parents disagreed with these statements:
“I do not allow my child to get angry with me.”
“I feel my child is a bit of a disappointment to me.”
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Therapy
Client-Centered
Therapy
Research on Therapy
Stages of Process
Encounter Groups
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Client-Centered Therapy
unconditional positive regard
(prizing)
congruence
empathic understanding
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Client-Centered Therapy
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Research on Therapy
The Process of
Psychotherapy
Outcomes of
Psychotherapy
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stages of Process
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Encounter Groups
Encounter Groups
Facilitator
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Other Applications





Humanistic Education
Marriage and Relationships
Social Welfare Programs
Business
Political Conflict, War, and Peace
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Humanistic Education
person-centered
facilitator of education
(not “teacher”)
pays attention to
feelings as well as the
intellect
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Marriage and Relationships
modern context
for marriage
mutuality,
equality, honest
communication
satellite
relationships
friendship
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business
relationships based
on genuineness,
acceptance, and
empathic
understanding
instead of
traditional
authority
shared power and
decision making
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Political Conflict, War,
and Peace
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Criticisms of Rogers’s Theory
Client-centered therapy is no
more effective than other
therapies
Is the theory overly optimistic
about human nature, ignoring
evil?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Review
The Actualizing Tendency
The Self
Development
Therapy
Other Applications
Criticisms Of Rogers’s Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.