Other Countries in the
World
Latin America, Mexico, China,
Japan, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Ireland, and the US
Latin American Revolutions and
Foreign Relations
Islands
1791French colony of Saint Domingue- now called Haiti- Slave
population revolts led by Toussaint Louverture won independence in
1804
South America- Latin American society also controlled by class system
– Peninsulares- men born in Spain, held highest public offices
– Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America, well educated, not
hold highest public offices, these two control wealth, power.
Educated in Europe, support Enlightenment ideas, led
Revolutions in S. America.
– Mestizos- mixed Spanish and Indian- led the Revolution in
Mexico
– Mulattos- mixed African and Spanish
– Indians- often oppressed
Revolutions begin
1808
1811
1816
1821
1822
Napoleon’s conquest of Spain sparks revolutions
Venezuela declares independence led by Simon Bolivar- fights
until 1821 for independence
Argentina declares independence led by Jose de San Martindefeats the Spanish in Argentina then Chile.
The two armies join in Ecuador led by Bolivar, defeat the
Spanish in Peru, 1824.
Brazil asked for Independence, the King’s son to rule, Portugal
gave it to them, bloodless revolution
Results
 The Revolutions brought division and poverty, destroyed trade and
cities. (pg 606)
 Most land is large ranches owned by wealthy, workers were poor/
tied to the land for survival, prevents social and economic
development.
 Most Latin American countries controlled by military dictatorscaudillos- after the wars for independence. Fight for power creates
instability
Latin America and the US
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1800’s trade with other countries grows. Economies
depend on exports of natural resources, crops and meat.
They import manufactured goods, no industry, technology
like other countries
Borrowed money at high rates from other countries, loans
not paid businesses were taken over by other countries,
Economic Imperialism.
Monroe Doctrine- US tells Europe to stay out of Latin
America or else (no more colonization)
– Cuba- 1868- 1898 Cuba fights Spain for Independence- 1898 the US
joins the fight in the Spanish American War, Spain is defeated- Cuba
Independent, US takes Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam.
– Panama- 1903- US helps Panama break away from Columbia, then
builds the Panama canal, takes 10 years
– 1904- Roosevelt’s corollary- extension of Monroe Doctrine, US police
force of the western hemisphere, justify intervention in Latin
American
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1800- 1900’s- American influence in Latin America growsgrowth of trade, business investments, ownership of
industry, intervention in political affairs
Mexican Independence
1810
Priest Hidalgo (educated, believes in Enlightenment ideas) declares
a Revolution- the Grito de Dolores- Mestizos March on Mexico
city- Army 60,000, defeated in 1811. The wealthy rejects
Revolution sides with Spain.
1811-1815
Padre Jose Maria Morelos- led revolution for four yearsmostly of the lowest class
1820
Liberal group took control of Spain, the Creoles
changed sides, aide in the Revolution, defeat Spain,
Central American countries declare Independence.
Mexico as a new country
1833-6
Santa Ana becomes president- until 1855- Texas
breaks away from Mexico, Santa Ana fights Sam Houston
at the Alamo & wins, later captured and forced to
respect Texas independence
1845 Texas joins the U.S. Mexico is angry, creates border
disputes, Mexico shoots first.
1848 US vs. Mexico war ends US wins, Mexico signs the treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico loses California, Arizona
and New Mexico.
1840’s
La Reforma- attempt to reform Mexican govt and
1850’s
social division by Benito Juarez (poor, Indian
upbringing)- redistribution of land, separation of church
and
state, more educational opportunity for all.
1855 Civil war breaks out- 3 years later Juarez becomes
president
1861-7
War with France, France gives up, not worth it.
Mexican Revolution
1870’s- 1910
Juarez govt is overthrown by
Porfirio Diaz acted as a dictator silenced all
opposition. Industry/ economy grew, life for
the poor gets worse.
1910 Franciso Madero, Pancho Villa, Emilio
Zapata lead revolt, defeats Diaz and
elections are held.
1911- 1928
Mexico, 5 revolutionary leaders
murdered: Madero, Huerta, Zapata,
Carranza, Obregon.
1917 New Mexican constitution still in place today:
included reforms like break up of large
estates, minimum worker wage, legal unions.
Increase in public education and national
language- Spanish.
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British Colonies
Canada
– conflict catholic (french) vs protestant (English)
– 1830s- rebellion, reform- Durham report- self govern
domestic affairs (dominion of Canada), encourage English
immigration
– 1871-Prime minister, expands to Pacific, transcontinental
railroad
Australia/ New Zealand
– Late 1700s Started as Penal colony
– 1800s more settlers arrive, sheep raising, gold rush
– New Zealand- more natives, deal with govt, grows slower
– Wars against natives, not included in democracy
– 1850s both gain some self govt- parliamentary forms
– 1900s become dominions (more self govt), secret ballot,
women right to vote
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Ireland
– First invasion 1100’s, strengthen control 1500s,
discriminate Catholics
– 1801- Ireland joined to England, reps in
parliament
– 1840s- Potato famine- 1 million die, 1+ million
leave, resentment continues
– Late 1800s- Fight for home rule, control of
domestic matters, Britain concerned for
Protestant minority in North
– 1915- 1921 fighting breaks out, Ireland divided
North/ South, south given home rule then
independence 1949
United States
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1600, 1700s- British Colony
1776- Independence
1800s Manifest destiny- Louisiana purchase, expansion to the
Pacific- Oregon/ Santa Fe Trails, Native conflicts, CA gold rush
– Texas Independence, 1836
– War with Mexico, 1846
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1860-1865- Civil war- difference in economic needs, ends
slavery (reconstruction in south)
Number of men able to vote continues to increase- get rid of
property requirements, all races, Women get the right in
1920.
Industrial expansion after Civil war
Huge numbers of immigration from Europe continue
Most industrial county in world by 1900s
World power and economy grows
China
Previously China had resisted foreign contact viewing
their own ancient culture as superior and is self
sufficient- good agriculture (rice, maize, peanuts,
yams) mining, manufacturing, silks, porcelain.
1793
China receives its first ambassador
from England
late 1700’s- 1800’s
Had been selling tea and
other products for profit to Europeans for
years, British began to import Opium- which
quickly spread creating many problems for the
Chinese
1839
China fights Britain over the problemOpium War- losing the battles at sea they
lose Hong Kong to Britain.
1840’s
Taiping Rebellion- food shortage,
inefficient/ corrupt govt leads to a rebellion,
mostly peasants fight for 14 years- 20+ million
die
1850- 1900
Western Powers take advantage of
China’s weakness. China is forced to sign
treaties giving foreigners and other
governments, spheres of influence, control
over trade and investment. American presence
in China also grows
1900
Boxer Rebellion- Chinese rise up against
foreigners and their privileges, force of 20,000
from several nations defeats them. Begins a
slow series of reforms by the govt.
Japan
Until 1853 Japan had almost no contact with the rest of the
world. It was controlled by a series of militaristic leaders who
divided the country between war lords and their Samurais.
1854 Japan signs a treaty with the US opening up ports for
trade, and set up an embassy. Other western powers quickly
follow.
1867 Military leader (shogun) steps down and power is
transferred to the emperor. Japan begins modernization:
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Feudal system dissolves, land given to state/ emperor
Look to western powers- scholars studied abroad
Germany for centralized govt. and disciplined army
Wants to copy British Royal Navy
American system of public school
Railroad lines, coal mining, growth of Industry/ manufacturing
1890 Growing wealth and strength, warships and
army 500,000 strong- Japan turns to
Imperialism
1894- Sino-Japanese war- fights with China over
Korea, wins
1903- Russo- Japanese war- - defeats Russians in
war over Manchuria (northern China)
1910- Japan officially takes control of Korea- harsh
treatment