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Introduction
Digital Evidence
Preserving Evidence
Analysis of Digital Evidence
Writing Investigative Reports
Proven Security Protocols and Best Practices
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Computer forensics – (Computer Crime Investigation) as is the application of forensic science investigative techniques to computer-based material used as evidence.
The search technique helps to reconstruct a sequence of activities of what happened.
The investigation process involves the extraction, documentation, examination, preservation, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of computer-based material to provide relevant and valid information as evidence in civil, criminal, administrative, and other cases
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Evidence is something tangible needed to prove a fact.
Tangible evidence to prove a claim or an assertion can be from one of following sources:
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From an eye witness who provides a testimony
From physical evidence as traces of the sequence of activities leading to the claim or assertion.
Digital evidence as digital footprints of the digital sequence of activities leading to the claim or assertion.
Digital evidence is digital footprints left after every digital activity form a cybertrail
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Looking for digital evidence is difficulty and is comparable to searching for bits of evidence data from a haystack.
The evidence usually sought includes binary data fixed in any medium such as on CDs, memory, and floppies, residues of things used in the committing of a crime and physical materials such as folders, letters, and scraps of papers.
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At the start of the investigation, the examiner must decide on things to work with like written and technical policies, permissions, billing statements, and system application and device logs.
Also decide early on what to monitor, if this is needed. This may include employer and employee computing activities,
Internet e-mail, and chat rooms.
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Dealing with digital evidence requires a lot of care because it is very volatile. The two processes previewing and acquiring of data may disturb the data evidence to a point of changing its status, thus creating doubt to its credibility.
To make sure that this does not happen, a strict sequence of steps must be followed in handling the evidence.
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Handling Evidence – through tracing the sequence of events by looking for answers the following questions:
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Who extracted the evidence, how, and when?
Who packaged it and when?
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Who stored it, how, when and where?
Who transported it, where and when?
Previewing Image Files - allows the investigator to view the evidence media in order to determine if a full investigation is warranted.
Evidence Acquisition is the process of evidence extraction
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Given that digital evidence is very fluid in that it can disappear or change so fast, extra care must be taken in preserving digital evidence.
One way of preserving evidence is to strictly follow the following procedures:
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 secure the evidence scene from all parties that have no relevancy to it. This is to avoid contamination usually from deposit of hairs, fibers or trace material from clothing, footwear or fingerprints.
Securely catalog and package evidence in strong anti-static, well-padded, and labelled evidence bags.
Image all suspected media as evidence to create a back up. Try to make several copies of each evidence item.
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Make a checksums of the original evidence disk before and after each copy.
After imaging, the two checksums must agree.
Institute a good security access control system to make sure that those handling the evidence are the only ones authorized to handle the evidence.
Secure the evidence by encryption, where and if possible. Encryption ensures the confidentiality of the evidence.
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Two common network configuration models - the centralized and distributed
Computer networks- centralized or distributed, come in different sizes depending on the number of computers and other devices the network has.
The number of devices, computers or otherwise, in a network and the geographical area covered by the network determine the network type:
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Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
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Evidence analysis is the most difficult and demanding task for investigators
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It involves:
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Analyzing Data Files
File Directory Structure
File Patterns
Metadata
Content
Application
User Configuration
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Analysis Based on Digital Media
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Deleted Files
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2 Hidden Files
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Slack Space
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Bad Blocks
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Steganography Utilities
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Compressed and Coded Files
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Encrypted Files
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Password-Protected Files
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Analysis Based on Operating Systems
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Microsoft–Based File Systems
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UNIX and LINUX File Systems
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Macintosh File System
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There a need to establish relevancy of the evidence.
The relevancy of the digital evidence depends on;
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 the requesting agency, nature of the request, type of the case in question.
The question of validity of data is tied up with the relevance of data.
It is also based on the process of authentication of that data.
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A report is a summary of all findings of the investigation and it comes from all the documentation that has been made throughout the investigation.
Report should include the following documents[4]:
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All notes taken during meetings and contacts that led to the investigation
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All forms used in the investigation including the chain of custody forms
Copies of search warrants and legal authority notes granting permission to conduct searches
Notes, video recordings, and pictures taken at the incident scene describing the scene
Notes and any documentation made to describe the computer components including description of peripherals and all devices.
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Documentation and notes describing the networking of suspect’s devices
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Notes made on what was discovered including passwords, pass phrases, encryption and any data hiding.
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Any changes to the suspect’s scene configuration authorized or not.
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Names of everyone at the suspect’s scene
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Procedures used to deal with the scene including acquisition, extraction, and analysis of evidence.
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Any observed or suspected irregularities including those outside the scope of the techniques in use.
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