
It is a systematic attempt to look ahead in
future to foresee opportunities; by
forecasting the likely possibilities and
scenarios at different times and then devising
means and actions to be taken to take
advantage from them.
 Planning
advance:
is an exercise that determines in
a. The ends (What is to be done or achieved?)
b. The means (How it is to be done?)
c. The timing (When to do what?)
d. The responsibility (Who should do what?)
e. The reason (Why it should be done?)

Planning is primary function of management

Planning is an intellectual process

Planning is goal oriented

Planning is future oriented and involves forecasting

Planning needs to be dynamic in nature (flexible)

Planning involves choosing from among alternatives

Planning and control are inseparable
 Direction
Setting
 Provides a Holistic Picture
 Planning Avoids Haphazard Actions
 Planning brings Economy in Operations
 Planning can minimize risk and
uncertainties
 Estimation of the needed resources
 Facilitates Teamwork
1. Environmental Scanning
2. Determining Planning Premise
3. Forecasting Outcomes & Events
4. Determination of Objectives
5. Searching Alternatives
6. Evaluating Alternatives
7.Choosing the best alternative
8. Detailed planning
9. Implementation
10. Review
 BASED
1.
2.
3.
ON TIME FRAME:
Long term (over a period of 5 yrs)
Middle term (over a period of 3-5 yrs)
Short term (within a year)
 BASED
ON BREADTH:
1.
Strategic (Vision, mission, objectives)
2.
Tactical (Middle level)
3.
Operational (Monthly, weekly, day-to-day)
 BASED
ON USE:
1.
Single use Plans(designed to meet the
needs of a unique situation) Eg: Programs,
projects, budgets.
2.
Standing plans (provide guidance for the
activities that are performed repeatedly)
These plans provide readymade answers to
some situations.
 Lack
of Accurate Information
 Time
Consuming Process
 Expensive
 Inflexibility

False Sense of Security

Laziness

Resistance to change

Environmental Constraints