Displays and
Instruments/Crew
Station
AIAA Team#4
Ken Min
Kyle Nam
Outline
 FAR
Requirements
- Displays/Instruments
- Crew Stations
 Examples and Specific components
 New developments
FAR Pertaining to
Instruments/Displays1
§ 25.1301
Function and installation
§ 25.1303
Flight and navigation instruments
§ 25.1305
Powerplant instruments
§ 25.1307
Miscellaneous equipment
§ 25.1321
Arrangement and visibility
§ 25.1322
Warning, caution, and advisory lights
§ 25.1323
Airspeed indicating system
§ 25.1327
Magnetic direction indicator
§ 25.1329
Flight guidance system
§ 25.1331
Instruments using a power supply
§ 25.1333
Instrument systems
§ 25.1337
Powerplant instruments
§ 25.1351
General
§ 25.1381
Instrument lights
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FAR Requirements:
Flight and navigation instruments1

Section § 25.1303
- Following instruments must be visible from each pilot station
a) Free air temperature indicator
b) Clock with displaying hours, minutes, and seconds, either analogue or
digital
c) Direction indicator (nonstabilized magnetic compass)
- Following instruments must be installed at each pilot station
a) Airspeed indicator
b) Altimeter
c) Rate of climb indicator
d) Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator combined with an integral slip-skid indicator
e) Bank and pitch indicator
f) Direction indicator (gyroscopically stabilized, magnetic or nonmagnetic)
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FAR Requirements:
Flight and navigation instruments1 continued

Additional instruments required
- An audible speed warning device is required for turbine engine
powered airplanes and for airplanes with VMO/MMO greater than
0.8 VDF/MDF or 0.8 VD/MD, whenever the speed exceeds VMO
plus 6 knots or MMO +0.01. (VMO/MMO: maximum operating limit
speed, VDF/MDF: demonstrated flight diving speed, VD/MD: design
diving speed)
- A machmeter is required at each pilot station for airplanes with
compressibility limitations not otherwise indicated to the pilot by the
airspeed indicating system required in the previous page.
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FAR Requirements:
Powerplant instruments1

Section § 25.1305
- For all airplanes
a) Fuel quantity indicator for each fuel tank
b) Oil quantity indicator for each oil tank
c) Oil pressure indicator for each independent pressure oil system
of each engine.
d) An oil temperature indicator for each engine.
e) Fire-warning devices that provide visual and audible warning.
f) An augmentation liquid quantity indicator for each tank.
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FAR Requirements:
Powerplant instruments1 continued
- For turbine engine-powered airplanes.
a) A gas temperature indicator for each engine.
b) A fuel flowmeter indicator for each engine.
c) A tachometer for each engine.
d) A means to indicate, to the flight crew, the operation of each engine starter that
can be operated continuously but that is neither designed for continuous operation
nor designed to prevent hazard if it failed.
e) An indicator to indicate the functioning of the powerplant ice protection system
for each engine.
f) An indicator for the fuel strainer or filter required by §25.997 to indicate the
occurrence of contamination of the strainer or filter before it reaches the capacity
established in accordance with §25.997(d).
g) A warning means for the oil strainer or filter required by §25.1019, if it has no
bypass, to warn the pilot of the occurrence of contamination of the strainer or filter
screen before it reaches the capacity established in accordance with §25.1019(a)(2).
h) An indicator to indicate the proper functioning of any heater used to prevent ice
clogging of fuel system components.
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FAR Requirements:
Powerplant instruments1 continued
- For turbojet engine powered airplanes.
a) An indicator to indicate thrust, or a parameter that is
directly related to thrust, to the pilot.
b) A position indicating means to indicate to the
flightcrew when the thrust reversing device (i) Is not in the selected position, and
(ii) Is in the reverse thrust position, for each engine
using a thrust reversing device.
c) An indicator to indicate rotor system unbalance.
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FAR Pertaining to Crew Station1
§ 25.772
Pilot compartment doors
§ 25.773
Pilot compartment view
§ 25.775
Windshields and windows
§ 25.777
Cockpit controls
§ 25.781
Cockpit control knob shape
§ 25.785
Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses
§ 25.1523
Minimum flight crew
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FAR Requirements:
Cockpit controls 1

Section § 25.777
a) Each cockpit control must be located to provide convenient operation and to
prevent confusion and inadvertent operation.
b) The direction of movement of cockpit controls must meet the requirements of
§25.779. Wherever practicable, the sense of motion involved in the operation of other
controls must correspond to the sense of the effect of the operation upon the airplane
or upon the part operated. Controls of a variable nature using a rotary motion must
move clockwise from the off position, through an increasing range, to the full on
position.
c) The controls must be located and arranged, with respect to the pilots' seats, so that
there is full and unrestricted movement of each control without interference from the
cockpit structure or the clothing of the minimum flight crew when any member of this
flight crew, from 5′2&inch; to 6′3&inch; in height, is seated with the seat belt and
shoulder harness (if provided) fastened.
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FAR Requirements:
Cockpit control knob shape 1

Section § 25.781
Cockpit control knobs must
conform to the general shapes
(but not necessarily the exact
sizes or specific proportions) in
the following figure:
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Crew Station-Seats


For most military aircraft, the
design requirements include
accommodation of the 5th to
the 95th percentile of male
pilots (i.e., a pilot height
range of 65.2 – 73.1 in.)
Women are not entering the
military flying profession in
substantial numbers.
__________________________________
Raymer, Daniel Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Fourth Edition
pg.209
C130 Cockpit
http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/EDITIONS/4801/images/04---C130-cockpit.jpg
C130 Cockpit
http://www.jetpix.com/webfiles/440AW/c130cockpit_600.jpg
C130 Cockpit
http://www.militaryfactory.com/cockpits/imgs/c130.jpg
Aircraft Instruments Manufacturer1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Astro Manufacturing & Design
Manufacturer of aircraft & marine instrument panels
Moog Components Group
Manufacturer of aircraft navigation and engine instrumentation, LCD engine
instrumentation and custom military display systems
Stacoswitch, Inc.
Offers aircraft instruments including EFIS lighted aircraft switches and indicators
Rochester Gauges, Inc.
Manufacturer of aircraft gauges & aircraft clusters
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1http://www.thomasnet.com/nsearch.html?cov=NA&which=prod&what=Instruments%3A+Aircraft&navsec=search&heading=40410706
Aircraft Seats Manufacturer1
1.
2.
3.
Stabilus Inc.
Manufacturer of seats and seat components for aircraft and automotive
applications
Wisconsin Foam Products
Manufacturer & distributor of seats & seating components for seating applications
Ceradyne, Inc.
Manufacturer of products include ceramic armor seats, components and panel
systems for use with military helicopters and aircraft
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1http://www.thomasnet.com/products/aircraft-seats-73650608-1.html
Prices of the Aircraft Instruments
Websites that sell the aircraft instruments
(include Airspeed indicators, altimeters, turn and bank indicators, compass,
vertical speed indicators and gyros, aircraft fuel pressure and level sensors,
tachometers, fuel quantity indicators, and etc.)
 http://www.aircraftspruce.com/menus/in/carburetorgauges.html
 http://www.avionix.com/inst-digital.html
 http://www.bpbsurplus.com/lc/cart.php?target=category&category_id=315
 http://www.buy-ei.com/FADEC%20Instruments.htm
 http://www.chiefaircraft.com/airsec/Aircraft/FlightInstruments/Airspeeds.html
 http://www.preferredairparts.com/instruments.htm
Prices range: from $50 to $850
Future
Cockpit Controls

Future military aircraft will require the accommodation of
approximately the 20th percentile female (roughly 5 ft
tall) and larger. This may affect the detailed layout of
cockpit controls and displays.
__________________________________
Raymer, Daniel Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Fourth Edition pg.209
Future
Display System

Multifunction Electronic
Display Subsystem (MEDS)
Developed by Honeywell Space Systems,
Phoenix, Ariz.,
MEDS is a space-qualified adaptation of the
display technology used on the Boeing
777.
1. Crews with easy access to vital
information
2. The two and three-dimensional color
graphic and video capabilities
3. Information will be interchangeable
between screens, allowing crews to select
the display format that best suits the needs
of their particular mission.
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http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/hsfe_shuttle/news/1998/news_release_980920a.html
THE END

Any Questions?