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Week 9
March 29
• Graphics
• Graphics Builder
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Sales Revenue
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Bar Chart
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Pie Chart
Note. Slices are ordered large to small, counterclockwise
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Man-Machine Interface Studies
• Color improves
– Performance in recall
– Performance in a search and locate task
– Performance in a retention task
– Comprehension of instructional materials
– Performance in a decision judgment
– Ability to extract information (very quickly)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Man-Machine Interface Studies
• Display Format: Graphic versus tabular
– Graphical display is more conducive to information
recall than tabular display when the task required
memory for temporal and set-integrative patterns
– Recall of simple facts (e.g., point values, simple
comparisons) was indifferent to variations in
presentation format
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Color and Decision-Maker Productivity
• “If the subject’s task is to identify some feature of a target,
colors can be identified more accurately than sizes,
brightness, familiar geometric shapes, and other shape or
form parameters, but colors are identified with less
accuracy than alphanumeric symbols.”
Christ, 1975
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Color and Decision-Maker Productivity
• “...the relative effectiveness of color is dependent upon the
task of the subject. Color coding appears to be most
effective when the position of the target(s) is unknown.
This is particularly evident in tasks involving search over
cluttered display fields. Other tasks such as target
identification tend not be beneficially influenced by color
coding.”
Barker and Krebs, 1977
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Color and Decision-Maker Productivity
• “If graphics and color are to produce positive results they
must be used with considerable care. There are apparently
important interactions between the use of graphic/color and
attributes of both the decision maker and decision task.
Effective use will require more than just converting our old
tabular presentations to graphics.”
Ives, 1982
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Human Information Processing
Five Visual Input Channels
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0
0
5
0
0
4
0
0
3
0
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2
0
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1
0
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•
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Color
Relative Position
Brightness
Movement
Shape
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Information
capacity of a single
channel is
approximately
seven, the number
of distinguishable
levels (differences)
“...the human information processing system can handle
considerably more inputs if those inputs are received on multiple
channels.”
Ives, 1982
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Boeing 777 “Glass Flight Deck”
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Boeing 727-200 “Steam Gauges,” circa 1970
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
The different images can be displayed on each display
Analog images
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Engines
LCD displays
Fuel system
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Boeing 777 Glass Flight Deck
Engines
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Tanks
Fuel system
Boeing 777 Glass Flight Deck
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Factoid
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5,117 miles (9-10 hours)
Tokyo (NRT)
San Francisco (SFO)
• Flight path transmitted and programmed into aircraft’s computer
from San Francisco before the aircraft leaves Tokyo
• San Francisco maintenance base continuously monitors the
aircraft’s computer while in flight
• The aircraft’s computer is capable of flying the aircraft (during its
cruise) from origin to destination with human assistance
• The aircraft’s computer is capable of landing the aircraft
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Graphs
• Convey information about summarized data, particularly to
identify trend and proportion
• Types
– Pie chart
• Proportion of a relative frequency to the whole
– Bar graph (vertical and horizontal)
• Frequency or relative frequency
– Line graph
• Trend
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Independent and Dependent Variables
• Pie charts and bar graphs
– Categorical variable assigned to the independent
variable
– Quantitative units assigned to the dependent variable
• Line graphs
– Independent variable assigned to the horizontal or x
axis
• Must of at least ordinal scale
– Dependent variable is a measurement of at least interval
scale
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Independent and dependent variables?
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Independent and dependent variables?
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
A Few Simple Steps for Creating a Graph
• Build the initial SQL command in SQL*Plus
• In Graphics Builder
– Build the data model
– Build the graph
• Select the graph type
• Assign the independent and dependent to the
categories and values, respectively
• Format the various components of graph as needed
• Save and run the graph
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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Create the Data Model
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R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Select the Graph Type and Subtype
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R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Assign the Independent Variable
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R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Assign the Dependent Variable
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R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
Initial Graph
Field size too small
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento
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